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Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from Escherichia coli 055:B5, are a unique component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. They are composed of three regions: lipid A, oligosaccharide core, and O-specific polysaccharide (O-antigen). Lipopolysaccharides help maintain the integrity of the cell outer membrane and protect bacteria from damage by bile salts and lipid antibiotics. Lipopolysaccharides are highly immunogenic antigens that can enhance immune responses and can be used to construct inflammatory models.

In the CNS, Kainic acid is an effective agonist at excitatory amino acid receptor subtypes.

Oxazolone has been used as a haptenizing agent to induce inflammatory responses in intestinal tissue of adult zebrafish and as a model for gene expression studies in two forms of inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Fructose (Fructopyranose) is a simple ketonic monosaccharide extracted from Honey,fruits,berries,melon.

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride (D-Galactosamine HCl) hepatotoxicity is associated with endotoxin sensitivity and mediated by lymphoreticular cells in mice.

Sodium taurocholate (Taurocholate Sodium) hydrate is the main end product of cholesterol catabolism. During enterohepatic circulation, bile taurocholic acid is converted by the microorganisms to taurodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid.[3] These are reabsorbed by the liver via a carrier-mediated process and converted by liver enzymes to taurocholic acid.

Chrysene is a high molecular weight (HMW), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH).

Thioacetamide is a hepatotoxicant used widely to induce experimental liver lesions, develops hepatocellular necrosis and subsequent inflammation (mainly M1- M2-macrophages without neutrophil infiltration) in rats.

Porcine pancreatic elastase is a serine protease composed of a single polypeptide chain with 240 amino acid residues. It has the ability to hydrolyze polypeptides and proteins, and can induce emphysema in hamsters.

Acifluorfen, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) inhibitor herbicide, promotes the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) and induces tumors in rodent livers, causing significant photooxidative damage to pigments and lipids in sensitive plant species.

N-Nitrosomorpholine, a nitrosamine compound, exhibits sensitivity to light and is recognized as a potent carcinogen in animals.

Potassium oxonate (Potassium azaorotate) is a uricase inhibitor that prevents metabolism and excretion of uric acid and induces embryotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats.

Calcium chloride is commonly used in cell culture research, such as as a calcium supplement in DMEM media. Calcium chloride can also be used to prepare synthetic saline solutions.

Lipopolysaccharides, Escherichiacoli (E. coli O111:B4) are derived from Escherichia coli O111:B4 and are a unique component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. They are composed of three regions: lipid A, oligosaccharide core, and O-specific polysaccharide (O-antigen). Lipopolysaccharides, Escherichiacoli help maintain the integrity of the cell outer membrane and protect bacteria from bile salts and lipid antibiotics.

Benzo[a]pyrene (3,4-Benzopyrene) shows lung carcinogenicity in mice in a dose-dependent manner.

Penitrem A is a selective antagonist of BK channel with antiproliferative and anti-invasive activities against multiple malignancies.

CP-20961 is a synthetic non-immunogenic adjuvant. It induces arthritis.

Norepinephrine bitartrate is a precursor of epinephrine. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus.

Glyfosfin is a DNA cross-linking agent and an alkylating agent with anticancer activity.

Levodopa is the naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier, and rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to D

Lithium acetylsalicylate is a bioactive chemical.

β-Amyloid (1-42), (rat mouse) (TFA), is a 42-amino acid peptide fragment employed in the study of Alzheimer's disease.

(-)-(α)-Kainic Acid (hydrate) is a potent excitotoxic agent that can induce seizures. (-)-(α)-Kainic Acid (hydrate) is also an agonist of ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes.

κ-Carrageenan, a natural polymer found predominantly in red seaweeds, can serve as an effective drug carrier for delivering curcumin to cancer cells and inducing apoptosis. Additionally, κ-Carrageenan holds promise as a potential inflammatory agent, amplifying existing intestinal inflammation.