turnover

β-Gentiobiose is a natural oligosaccharide that promotes fruit ripening.

Cholestenone is an intermediate oxidation product of cholesterol that is metabolized primarily in the liver. It can cause long-term defects in cell function. It is highly mobile in membranes and affects cholesterol turnover and efflux.

1. β-Anhydroicaritin exhibits immunosuppressive effect on the mouse macrophages stimulated by LPS. 2. β-Anhydroicaritin phytosomes can inhibit enhanced bone turnover induced by ovariectomy, improve BMD the biomechanical properties of vertebrae, without any stimulation on uterus. 3. β-Anhydroicaritin possesses significant protective effects on the zymosan-induced peritonitis mice, which might be associated with the regulation of Ca(2+); influx in macrophages and iNOS expression.

Lactacystin is an orally active, irreversible, and cell-permeable proteasome inhibitor (IC50 = 4.8 μM) that also inhibits the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin A. It induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, possesses anticancer, antiviral, and antioxidant activities, can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and is commonly used in the construction of Parkinson’s disease and dementia models.

Glycitin (Glycitein 7-O-β-glucoside), a natural isoflavone isolated from legumes, promotes the proliferation of bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts while suppressing bone turnover.

Purine (7H-Imidazo(4,5-d)pyrimidine) is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Two of the bases in nucleic acids, adenine and guanine, are purines. Purines from food (or from tissue turnover) are metabolised by several enzymes, including xanthine oxidase, into uric acid. High levels of uric acid can predispose to gout when the acid crystalises in joints; this phenomenon only happens in humans and some animal species (e.g. dogs) that lack an intrinsic uricase enzyme that can further degrade uric acid.

Cholestenone is an intermediate oxidation product of cholesterol that is metabolized primarily in the liver. It can cause long-term defects in cell function. It is highly mobile in membranes and affects cholesterol turnover and efflux.

Inostamycin A sodium is an antibiotic that can be found in Streptomyces sp. MH816-AF15. It blocks the turnover of phosphatidylinositol by inhibiting CDP-DG:inositol transferase, demonstrating both antibacterial and cytotoxic properties. Inostamycin A sodium shows potential for cancer research.

Orobol (3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-isoflavon) is an inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol turnover. Orobol inhibits PI3K isoforms with IC50s of 3.46-5.27 μM for PI3K α/β/γ/K/δ. Orobol exhibits anti-skin-aging and anti-obesity effects.

Argyrin A is a cyclic peptide and potent antitumor agent. It functions by inhibiting the proteasome (proteasome), leading to increased levels of endogenous p27kip1 by preventing protein turnover.