thyroid

Thyroid peroxidase is a membrane-bound glycoprotein which belongs to the peroxidase family, XPO subfamily. It contains 1 EGF-like domain and 1 Sushi (CCP SCR) domain. Thyroid Peroxidase represents one of the main autoantigenic targets in autoimmune thyroid disease of humans. It used to be taken as the formerly so-called `microsomal antigen` several years ago. As an integral membrane glycoprotein it is restricted to the apical plasma membrane of the follicular epithelial cells and comprises two identical subunits of approx 100 kDa molecular weight. Thyroid peroxidase is an enzyme expressed abundantly in the thyroid that liberates iodine for addition onto tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin for the production of thyroxine or triiodothyronine, thyroid hormones. Thyroid peroxidase plays a key role in the thyroid hormone biosynthesis by catalysing both the iodination of tyrosyl residues and the coupling of iodotyrosyl residues in thyroglobulin to form precursors of the thyroid hormones T4 and T3.

Thyroid peroxidase, also called thyroperoxidase (TPO) or iodide peroxidase that encodes a 933 amino-acid residue (aa) molecule with a single membrane-spanning region. Thyroid peroxidase plays a key role in thyroid hormone synthesis by catalyzing both the iodination of tyrosine residues to form monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT) residues and the coupling of iodotyrosine residues in Tg, resulting in the formation of T3 and T4. It is a frequent epitope of autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroid disease, for example, the expression of thyroid peroxidase is lost in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Carbonic Anhydrase-Related Protein 11 (CA11) is a secreted protein member of the α-carbonic anhydrase family. Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. CA11 is expressed abundantly in the brain with moderate expression also present in spinal cord and thyroid. CA11 may play a general role in the central nervous system.

Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13 belongs to the tumor necrosis factor family. It is also known as APRIL, TALL2, TRDL1, and CD256. It is synthesized as a 32 kDa proprotein which is cleaved by furin in the Golgi to release the active 17 kDa soluble molecule. TNFSF13 is a Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF13B TACI and to TNFRSF17 BCMA and plays a role in the regulation of tumor cell growth. It expressed at high levels in transformed cell lines, cancers of colon, thyroid, lymphoid tissues and specifically expressed in monocytes and macrophages. Its expression by CD4+ T cells inhibits the production of Th2 cytokines and allergic inflammation.

NOTCH2 (Notch Receptor 2) is a Protein Coding gene. This gene encodes a member of the Notch family. Members of this Type 1 transmembrane protein family share structural characteristics and play a role in a variety of developmental processes by controlling cell fate decisions. Hajdu Cheney Syndrome (HCS) is a rare disease associated with mutations of NOTCH2 that lead to the translation of a truncated, presumably stable, NOTCH2 protein. NOTCH2 is down-regulated in colon cancer, and reduced expression is associated with a less differentiated, more aggressive phenotype, and reduced overall survival. NOTCH2 has also been shown to have pro-apoptotic and growth-suppressive effects in thyroid carcinoma, and carcinoid tumors. NOTCH2 acts as an oncogene that promotes bladder cancer growth and metastasis through EMT, cell-cycle progression, and maintenance of stemness.

X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 5, also known as 86 kDa subunit of Ku antigen, ATP-dependent DNA helicase 2 subunit 2, ATP-dependent DNA helicase II 8 kDa subunit, CTC box-binding factor 85 kDa subunit, DNA repair protein XRCC5, Lupus Ku autoantigen protein p86, TLAA and XRCC5, is a nucleus and chromosome which belongs to the ku8 family. XRCC5 is a single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase. XRCC5 has a role in chromosome translocation. X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 6, also known as 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase Ku7, ATP-dependent DNA helicase 2 subunit 1, ATP-dependent DNA helicase II 7 kDa subunit, 7 kDa subunit of Ku antigen, ATP-dependent DNA helicase 2 subunit 1, CTC box-binding factor 75 kDa subunit, Lupus Ku autoantigen protein p7, Thyroid-lupus autoantigen and XRCC6, is a nucleus and chromosome which belongs to the ku7 family. Heterodimer of a XRCC6 and a XRCC5 subunit associates in a DNA-dependent manner with PRKDC to form the DNA-dependent protein kinase complex DNA-PK, and with the LIG4-XRCC4 complex. The dimer also associates with NAA15, and this complex binds to the osteocalcin promoter and activates osteocalcin expression.

Tropomyosin Alpha-3 Chain (TPM3) is a member of the Tropomyosin family. TPM3 exists as a heterodimer consisting of an alpha and a beta chain. TPM3 plays a central role in association with the Troponin complex and in the calcium dependent regulation of vertebrate striated muscle contraction. Defects in TPM3 are the cause of thyroid papillary carcinoma. Mutations in the TPM3 gene cause autosomal dominant nemaline myopathy, and oncogenes formed by chromosomal translocations involving this locus are linked with cancer.

Expression system: E. coli
Length: 878-1031, Partial
Activity: Not Tested

Expression system: E. coli
Length: 251-455, Partial
Activity: Not Tested

Expression system: P. pastoris (Yeast)
Length: 25-130, Full Length of Mature Protein
Activity: Not Tested

Expression system: E. coli
Length: 1-299, Full Length
Activity: Not Tested

Expression system: P. pastoris (Yeast)
Length: 21-132, Full Length of Mature Protein
Activity: Not Tested

Expression system: E. coli
Length: 25-130, Full Length of Mature Protein
Activity: Not Tested

Expression system: Baculovirus Insect Cells
Length: 1-545, Full Length
Activity: Not Tested

Expression system: HEK293 Cells
Length: 66-131, Partial
Activity: Not Tested

Expression system: E. coli
Length: 1-256, Full Length
Activity: Not Tested

Serpins are the largest and most diverse family of serine protease inhibitors which are involved in a number of fundamental biological processes such as blood coagulation, complement activation, fibrinolysis, angiogenesis, inflammation and tumor suppression and are expressed in a cell-specific manner.Mouse SerpinB8, also known as Cytoplasmic antiproteinase 2, Peptidase inhibitor 8, SerpinB8, PI-8, SERPINB8 and CAP2, is a member of the Serpin superfamily. SERPINB8 was broadly expressed. In normal neuroendocrine tissues, strongest SerpinB8 expression was detected in islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Moderate SerpinB8 expression was observed in neuroendocrine cells of the thyroid, adrenal cortex, colon, and pituitary gland. In the pancreas, SerpinB8 is specifically expressed by insulin-producing beta cells, and can be used as an additional diagnostic immunohistochemical marker. Mouse SerpinB8 distribution alters during kidney regeneration, possibly to control a prohormone convertase involved in inflammation or tissue repair.

IMPA1 (Inositol Monophosphatase 1) is a Protein Coding gene. This gene encodes an enzyme that dephosphorylates Myo-inositol monophosphate to generate free Myo-inositol, a precursor of phosphatidylinositol, and is, therefore, an important modulator of intracellular signal transduction via the production of the second messenger's myoinositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. Despite its many physiological functions, no clinical phenotype has been assigned to this gene dysfunction to date. Additionally, IMPA1 is the main target of lithium, a drug that is at the forefront of treatment for bipolar disorder. IMPA1 is widely expressed in the testis, thyroid, and other tissues. Diseases associated with IMPA1 include Mental Retardation, Autosomal Recessive 59, and Bipolar Disorder.

RAMP3 belongs to the RAMP family. Members of this family are single-transmembrane-domain proteins, called receptor (calcitonin) activity modifying proteins (RAMPs). RAMPs have a wide biological distribution; high concentrations are found in the brain, lung, liver, heart and spleen with lower expression levels present in the testes, gastrointestinal tract and thyroid. RAMPs are type I transmembrane proteins with an extracellular N terminus and a cytoplasmic C terminus. They are required to transport calcitonin-receptor-like receptor (CRLR) to the plasma membrane. CRLR, a receptor with seven transmembrane domains, can function as either a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor or an adrenomedullin receptor, depending on which members of the RAMP family are expressed. In the presence of RAMP3 protein, CRLR functions as an adrenomedullin receptor.

Expression system: E. coli
Length: 25-120, Full Length of Mature Protein
Activity: Not Tested

Expression system: E. coli
Length: 2-514, Full Length of Mature Protein
Activity: Not Tested

Expression system: E. coli
Length: 1-211, Full Length
Activity: Not Tested

Expression system: P. pastoris (Yeast)
Length: 1-443, Full Length
Activity: Not Tested

Expression system: Baculovirus Insect Cells
Length: 251-455, Partial
Activity: Not Tested