precursors

1-Phenylpropane-1,2-dione (Acetyl benzoyl) is a eukaryotic metabolite produced in plant metabolic reactions.

MRT-81 is a potent antagonist of human and rodent smoothened receptors that inhibits hedgehog activity with an IC50 value of 41 nM in Shh-light2 cells.It is used in the study of cancer.

Heparin cofactor II precursor (SERPIND1) fragment [Homo sapiens] is a peptide with the sequence H2N-Phe-Thr-Val-Asp-Arg- Pro-Phe-Leu-Phe-Leu-Ile-Tyr-Glu-His-Arg-OH, MW=1953.25.

Ketoprofen (RP-19583) is a propionic acid derivative and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. It inhibits cyclo-oxygenase I and II, decreasing the formation of prostaglandin and thromboxane precursors. This reduction in prostaglandin synthesis, mediated by prostaglandin synthase, is responsible for its therapeutic effects. Additionally, Ketoprofen decreases thromboxane A2 formation via thromboxane synthase, inhibiting platelet aggregation.

Ibuprofen (Advil) is a propionic acid derivate and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. Ibuprofen inhibits the activity of cyclo-oxygenase I and II, resulting in a decreased formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes.

Aniline is the simplest aromatic amine, characterized by an amino group attached to a phenyl ring. Aniline is an industrially significant commodity chemical, as well as a versatile starting material for fine chemical synthesis, with its main use being in the manufacture of precursors to polyurethane, dyes, and other industrial chemicals; like most volatile amines, it has a distinctive and unpleasant odor of rotten fish, it ignites readily, burning with a smoky flame characteristic of aromatic compounds. Aniline is toxic to humans upon exposure.

Bromfenac sodium hydrate (Bromfenac monosodium salt sesquihydrate) is the sodium salt form of bromfenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Upon ophthalmic administration, bromfenac binds to and inhibits cyclooxygenase II (COX II), an enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, which are prostaglandin (PG) precursors. By inhibiting PG formation, bromfenac prevents PG-induced inflammation, vasodilation, leukocytosis, disruption of the blood-aqueous humor barrier, increased vascular permeability, and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP).

4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is an enzyme inhibitor.4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (4-HPPA) is a keto acid that is involved in the tyrosine catabolism pathway. It is a product of the enzyme (R)-4-hydroxyphenyllactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.222) and is formed during tyrosine metabolism. The conversion from tyrosine to 4-HPPA is catalyzed by tyrosine aminotransferase. Additionally, 4-HPPA can be converted to homogentisic acid which is one of the precursors to ochronotic pigment. The enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase (HPD) catalyzes the reaction that converts 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid to homogentisic acid. A deficiency in the catalytic activity of HPD is known to lead to tyrosinemia type III, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by elevated levels of blood tyrosine and massive excretion of tyrosine derivatives into urine. It has been shown that hawkinsinuria, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the excretion of 'hawkinsin,' may also be a result of HPD deficiency . Moreover, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is also found to be associated in phenylketonuria, which is also an inborn error of metabolism. There are two isomers of HPPA, specifically 4HPPA and 3HPPA, of which 4HPPA is the most common.

(E)-2-Butenoic acid (Crotonic acid) is fatty acid formed by the action of fatty acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. Crotonic acid is involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis. Crotonic acid is also found in water extracts from carrot seeds (Daucus carota L.).

L-aspartic acid potasium salt(VX-548) is an amino acid widely found in plants and animals.L-aspartic acid potasium salt drives the production of nitrogen oxides, which promotes phagocytosis and contributes to fish survival.L-aspartic acid potasium salt may stimulate antibiotics. The stimulatory effect may be related to precursors involved in aspartic acid-4-semialdehyde biosynthesis.

Oleylamine is a long-chain primary amine with surfactant properties, widely used in industry, soluble in a variety of organic solvents and insoluble in water. cis-1-Amino-9-octadecene can control the morphology of nanoparticles and prevent aggregation and to reduce metal precursors to metal nanoparticles.

Pyrocatechol, often known as catechol or benzene-1,2-diol, is a benzenediol, Pyrocatechol was produced at a large scale industrially, mainly as precursors to pesticides, flavors, and fragrances. Its sulfonic acid is often present in the urine of many mammals.

Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Endo S) is an enzyme from Rhodobacter cloacae that hydrolyzes the multibranched chain complex N-glycans, inhibits antibody-mediated inflammation in vivo, and is widely used for glycan analysis of glycoproteins and preparation of precursors for glycosylated compounds.

3-Feruloyl-4-caffeoylquinic acid is a chlorogenic acid isomer. Chlorogenic acids are relevant coffee quality markers, taste, and aroma precursors as well as important bioactive compounds.

Dynarrestin is an inhibitor of cytoplasmic dyneins 1 and 2. Dynarrestin suppresses hedgehog (Hh)-dependent proliferation of neuronal precursors and tumor cells. It inhibits dynein 1-driven microtubule gliding in vitro plus a range of dynein 1- and 2-depen

Maleimido-tri(ethylene glycol)-propionic acid is a cleavable ADC linker used in the synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) for the preparation of neolymphostin-based ADC precursors, specifically for site-specific cysteine mutant trastuzumab-A114C conjugation[1].

5-Chloro-2'-deoxyuridine (5-Chlorodeoxyuridine) is a thymine analog. It can be used to study the potential of hypochlorous acid damage to DNA and DNA precursors.

Cycloate is a herbicide. It inhibits the biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids, which is the essential constituents of plant suberin and waxes. Fatty acids also serve as precursors of aliphatic carbon chains in resorcinolic lipids.

Pyruvate Carboxylase-IN-5 (compound 6m) is a selective and permeable inhibitor of pyruvate carboxylase. This mitochondrial enzyme plays a critical role in catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, a process essential for maintaining the steady-state levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, which serve as precursors for the synthesis of biomacromolecules, including amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose.

Artemisitene is the oxidized form of Artemisinin and is an antimalarial agent. Artemisinin precursors are the important basic substances for biosynthesis of Artemisinin, including Artemisinin B, Artemisitene, Artemisinic acid, etc.

Dichlormate is an inhibitor of normal carotenoid production in yellowing wheat. It can result in the accumulation of carotenoid precursors in plants. By inhibiting carotenoid synthesis, Dichlormate exhibits phytotoxicity, leading to photodestruction of chlorophyll and chloroplast damage.

1-(1(Z)-Hexadecenyl)-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine is a plasmalogen characterized by the presence of 1(Z)-hexadecenoic acid and linoleic acid at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively. It counteracts lead-induced reductions in cell viability and suppresses increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidized phospholipids in HepG2 hepatocytes. In dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease, serum levels of this compound decrease when their diet is enriched with medium chain triglycerides, fish oil, carnitine precursors, magnesium, and antioxidants.

SC 19220 is a prostaglandin E2 receptor EP1 antagonist.SC 19220 inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting the RANK/RANKL signaling pathway in osteoclast precursors.

HPI-1 (hydrate) is a Hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitor that suppresses signaling through Sonic Hh (IC50= 1.5 μM) without significantly affecting Wnt signaling (IC50≥ 30 μM).1HPI-1 suppresses Hh activation induced by loss of Suppressor of Fused or by Gli overexpression, suggesting action at posttranslational modification of Gli protein or at the interaction of Gli with a co-factor.1HPI-1 (hydrate) also inhibits signaling through the oncogenic Smoothened (Smo) mutant SmoM2 in neuron precursors, preventing cell proliferation.1 1.Hyman, J.M., Firestone, A.J., Heine, V.M., et al.Small-molecule inhibitors reveal multiple strategies for Hedgehog pathway blockadeProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America106(33)14132-14137(2009)