precursors

1-Phenylpropane-1,2-dione (Acetyl benzoyl) is a eukaryotic metabolite produced in plant metabolic reactions.

Aniline is the simplest aromatic amine, characterized by an amino group attached to a phenyl ring. Aniline is an industrially significant commodity chemical, as well as a versatile starting material for fine chemical synthesis, with its main use being in the manufacture of precursors to polyurethane, dyes, and other industrial chemicals; like most volatile amines, it has a distinctive and unpleasant odor of rotten fish, it ignites readily, burning with a smoky flame characteristic of aromatic compounds. Aniline is toxic to humans upon exposure.

4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is an enzyme inhibitor.4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (4-HPPA) is a keto acid that is involved in the tyrosine catabolism pathway. It is a product of the enzyme (R)-4-hydroxyphenyllactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.222) and is formed during tyrosine metabolism. The conversion from tyrosine to 4-HPPA is catalyzed by tyrosine aminotransferase. Additionally, 4-HPPA can be converted to homogentisic acid which is one of the precursors to ochronotic pigment. The enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase (HPD) catalyzes the reaction that converts 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid to homogentisic acid. A deficiency in the catalytic activity of HPD is known to lead to tyrosinemia type III, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by elevated levels of blood tyrosine and massive excretion of tyrosine derivatives into urine. It has been shown that hawkinsinuria, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the excretion of 'hawkinsin,' may also be a result of HPD deficiency . Moreover, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid is also found to be associated in phenylketonuria, which is also an inborn error of metabolism. There are two isomers of HPPA, specifically 4HPPA and 3HPPA, of which 4HPPA is the most common.

(E)-2-Butenoic acid (Crotonic acid) is fatty acid formed by the action of fatty acid synthases from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors. Crotonic acid is involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis. Crotonic acid is also found in water extracts from carrot seeds (Daucus carota L.).

L-aspartic acid potasium salt(VX-548) is an amino acid widely found in plants and animals.L-aspartic acid potasium salt drives the production of nitrogen oxides, which promotes phagocytosis and contributes to fish survival.L-aspartic acid potasium salt may stimulate antibiotics. The stimulatory effect may be related to precursors involved in aspartic acid-4-semialdehyde biosynthesis.

Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Endo S) is an enzyme from Rhodobacter cloacae that hydrolyzes the multibranched chain complex N-glycans, inhibits antibody-mediated inflammation in vivo, and is widely used for glycan analysis of glycoproteins and preparation of precursors for glycosylated compounds.

3-Feruloyl-4-caffeoylquinic acid is a chlorogenic acid isomer. Chlorogenic acids are relevant coffee quality markers, taste, and aroma precursors as well as important bioactive compounds.

Artemisitene is the oxidized form of Artemisinin and is an antimalarial agent. Artemisinin precursors are the important basic substances for biosynthesis of Artemisinin, including Artemisinin B, Artemisitene, Artemisinic acid, etc.

Chitobiose Octaacetate is a chitosan derivative formed from the acetylation of chitin, useful for synthesizing chitosan oxazoline and other chitin precursors.

Eurystatin A is a prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor, with L-leucine and L-ornithine serving as direct precursors to the L-leucine and L-ornithine components of eurystatins A.

Hesperetin 7-O-glucoside and prunin are direct precursors of naringin and neohesperidin, respectively, in C. aurantium. Hesperetin 7-O-glucoside shows inhibition of human HMG-CoA reductase, it also exhibits effective inhibition of the growth of Helicobacter pylori. Hesperetin 7-O-glucoside can reduce blood pressure in healthy volunteers.

3,9-Dihydroxypterocarpan and phaseollidin are all good precursors of the pterocarpan phytoalexin phaseollin.

Picrasidine I has antiosteoclastogenic effect by inhibiting inflammation induced activation of MAPKs, NF-κB and ROS generation followed by suppressing the gene expression of c-Fos and NFATc1 in osteoclast precursors.

Cyclo(Pro-Pro) tasted bitter.Verpacamides A-D, a sequence of C11N5 diketopiperazines relating cyclo(Pro-Pro) to cyclo(Pro-Arg), from the marine sponge Axinella vaceleti is possible biogenetic precursors of pyrrole-2-aminoimidazole alkaloids.