polysaccharide

Alginic acid (Snow acid algin G) is a natural polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweeds with anti-anaphylactic and anti-inflammatory activities. Alginic acid inhibits histamine release and can be used in the food industry.

Fucoidan is found in various species of brown seaweed and algae,with anticancer, antiviral, neuroprotective, immune-modulating.

Polysaccharidase (Tremella polysaccharide), a fungal polysaccharide, exhibits immunoenhancing properties and holds potential for research in mitigating chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced leukopenia [1] [2].

Tamarind Gum (Tamarind seed polysaccharide), derived from tamarind seeds, is a polysaccharide thickening agent.

Polysaccharide is a natural product that can be used in related research in the field of life sciences. Its product number is TN8891.

Astragalus polysaccharide, a natural product derived from Astragalus propinquus, exhibits anticancer activity and has been shown to be effective in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by inhibiting the M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM).

Dangshen polysaccharide is derived from the Codonopsis pilosula plant and exerts anti-inflammatory effects in treating gastric ulcers, gastritis, and gastric cancer by targeting the PI3K-AKT pathway and HIF-1 pathway.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), derived from Escherichia coli O55:B5, are essential components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Composed of lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide, LPS exhibits strong immunogenicity. It activates immune cells via the TLR4 receptor, induces chemotactic cell migration and cytokine secretion, and helps maintain the integrity of the bacterial outer membrane, protecting against bile salts and lipid-based antibiotics. LPS is commonly used to establish inflammatory models, including arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and gastrointestinal disease models.

Lipopolysaccharides from Klebsiella pneumoniae (LPS, from bacterial [Klebsiella pneumoniae]) are lipid-polysaccharide endotoxins and TLR4 activators originating from Klebsiella pneumoniae, classified as S-type LPS. They exhibit a characteristic tripartite structure comprising an O-antigen, a core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. These lipopolysaccharides may contribute to bacterial immune evasion by inhibiting complement-mediated killing and suppressing host antimicrobial peptide secretion, thus helping bacteria evade immune defenses. Possessing high viscosity and serum resistance, they can potentially induce sepsis. Additionally, these lipopolysaccharides are utilized in the development of animal models for sepsis/septicemia.

Lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli O111:B4 are key components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. As a smooth-type LPS, they consist of lipid A, an R3-type core oligosaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide. These LPS molecules exhibit high immunogenicity, can trigger strong immune responses and gastric disorders by activating the TLR-4 receptor on immune cells, and help maintain the structural integrity of the bacterial outer membrane while protecting against bile salts and lipid-based antibiotics. They are widely used to establish inflammation-related disease models, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Radix Astragali polysaccharide is a natural product that can be used in related research in the field of life sciences. Its product number is TN8876.

Polysaccharide of Salvia miltiorrhiza is a natural product that can be used in related research in the field of life sciences. Its product number is TN8882.

Polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala is a natural product that can be used in related research in the field of life sciences. Its product number is TN8889.

Polysaccharide Chinese Angelica is a natural product that can be used in related research in the field of life sciences. Its product number is TN8896.

Polysaccharide of Isatis tinctoria is a natural product that can be used in related research in the field of life sciences. Its product number is TN8904.

Polysaccharide of Hericium erinaceus is a natural product that can be used in related research in the field of life sciences. Its product number is TN8909.

Lipopolysaccharides from P. aeruginosa (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) 10 are endotoxins and TLR4 activators that originate from the bacterium P. aeruginosa 10, classified as S-type LPS. They exhibit a characteristic tripartite structure: an O antigen, a core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. The lipopolysaccharides from P. aeruginosa 10 are distinct due to their unique fatty acid composition, an unusually high level of phosphorylation (identified as triphosphate residues), and a distinctive outer region in the core oligosaccharide. Moreover, their O-specific side chains are typically rich in novel amino sugars. These lipopolysaccharides display susceptibility to viruses, with their viral sensitivity being influenced by the molecular weight polysaccharide content. A reduction in high-molecular-weight polysaccharides increases their sensitivity to bacteriophages.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS, from Akkermansia muciniphila) are endotoxins derived from the bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila. This lipid-polysaccharide endotoxin acts as a TLR-4 activator, triggering pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) in the immune system and inducing cell secretion of migratory factors. Lipopolysaccharides are extracted from the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and consist of an antigen O-specific chain, a core oligosaccharide, and lipid A.

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O128:B12 (LPS, from Escherichia coli [O128:B12]) are lipid polysaccharide endotoxins and TLR-4 activators derived from E. coli O128:B12, characterized as a smooth (S) type LPS. This compound features a typical three-part structure: O antigen, R3 core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. It activates TLR-4 in immune cells, is useful for developing neonatal brain inflammation models in animals, and may impact preterm birth in neonates.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are specific endotoxins that serve as a major component of the cell walls in gram-negative bacteria. Composed of Lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide, LPS strongly stimulates the immune system by binding to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on immune cells, triggering inflammatory responses. In most Salmonella serotypes, the LPS features a complex O-antigen (OAg) structure, with core oligosaccharide OAg units ranging from 16 to over 100 repeats. Mutations in OAg regulatory factors can alter the OAg structure, affecting Salmonella interactions with epithelial cells. Strains with long OAgs show increased translocation and invasion by SPI1-T3SS effector proteins, while strains lacking OAg entirely exhibit increased invasiveness and adhesion. This product is derived from Salmonella enterica serotype minnesota and is utilized for studies on host immune activation and its roles in inflammation and immune modulation.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt polysaccharides is a natural product that can be used in related research in the field of life sciences. Its product number is TN8910.

Oldenlandia diffusa Polysaccharides is a natural product that can be used in related research in the field of life sciences. Its product number is TN8911.

Lipopolysaccharides from *E. coli* (Escherichia coli) O26:B6 are endotoxins derived from *E. coli* that function as TLR-4 activators. These S-type LPS molecules can trigger pathogenic-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and encourage the release of exosomes. Structurally, they are composed of three parts: O-antigen, core oligosaccharide, and Lipid A, and can be identified by the monoclonal antibody MAb J8-4C10. This compound can increase pro-inflammatory cytokines in plasma, leading to activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and causing oxidative damage to the adrenal glands. However, the pathogenic activity of Lipopolysaccharides from *E. coli* O26:B6 can be inhibited by PD149163 .

Lipopolysaccharides, from S. marcescens (Serratia marcescens), are endotoxins derived from the bacterium Serratia marcescens, functioning as TLR-4 activators and classified as S type LPS. These compounds activate the immune system through pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and stimulate the secretion of chemokines. They feature a typical tripartite structure consisting of the O-antigen, core oligosaccharide, and Lipid A. Lipopolysaccharides from S. marcescens promote NF-κB activation in mouse cells via Toll-like receptor (TLR4)/MD-2 pathways. Additionally, these lipopolysaccharides can induce apoptosis in host immune cells, thereby suppressing the host's innate immunity.