mpp+

MPP+ iodide, the metabolite of a neurotoxin MPTP, causes symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) in animal models by selectively destroying dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. MPP+ induces dopamine transporter (DAT) externalization in dopaminergic (DA) neurons, but internalization of serotonin transporter (SERT) in serotonergic (5-HT) neurons. MPP+ induces autophagic cell death in SH-SY5Y cells.

MPP dihydrochloride is a highly selective antagonist of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα).

MPP hydrochloride is a selective estrogen receptor (ERR) modulator.

MPTP hydrochloride is a dopamine neurotoxin and the precursor of MPP⁺. It can induce apoptosis and has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. MPTP hydrochloride is toxic to dopaminergic neurons and is commonly used for the construction of Parkinson's disease animal models.

Vutiglabridin (HSG4112) is a novel and safe modulator of PON2, a racemic compound. vutiglabridin is an optimized structural analogue of Glabridin and is superior to Glabridin in terms of weight loss and chemical stability. vutiglabridin ameliorates mptp-induced neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease mice by targeting mitochondrial paraoxonase-2. Vutiglabridin is a clinical phase 2 drug for the treatment of obesity and has therapeutic effects on p-mitochondrial PON2 in a PD model. vutiglabridin penetrates the brain, binds PON2, and restores 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP*)-induced neuroblastoma in SH-SY5Y Vutiglabridin significantly attenuated 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dyskinesia and dopaminergic neuronal damage in mice modeled with PD in mouse experiments.

Paeoniflorin (Peoniflorin) is a herbal constituent extracted from the root of Paeonia albiflora Pall.

Vanillyl Alcohol (3-Methoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol) possesses anti-angiogenic, anticonvulsive, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-nociceptive activities. Vanillyl alcohol can effectively inhibit the cytotoxicity and improved cell viability in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced MN9D dopaminergic cells, it also can attenuate the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, decrease in the Bax Bcl-2 ratio and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis.

MPTP (1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) is a dopamine neurotoxin capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, often employed to induce models of Parkinson's syndrome. As a precursor to MPP+, MPTP can trigger apoptosis (apoptosis).

SU-4312, also known as DMBI, is a potent and selective inhibitor of VEGFR and PDGFR tyrosine kinases (IC50 values are 0.8 and 19.4 μM respectively). SU4312 (SU 4312) unexpectedly protects against MPP(+) -induced neurotoxicity via selective and direct inhibition of neuronal NOS.

CBR-470-1 is a potent inhibitor of glycolytic phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) that activates NRF2 by increasing methylglyoxal levels. CBR-470-1 is a non-covalent Nrf2 activator with neuroprotective activity that protects SH-SY5Y neuronal cells from MPP+-induced cytotoxicity by activating the Keap1-Nrf2 cascade. cytotoxicity induced by MPP+.

Smilagenin is an orally active inducer of nonpeptide neurotrophic factor. It also prevents and reverses neuronal damage induced by MPP+ in mesencephalic neurons, and by MPTP in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

SNJ-1945 is a calpain inhibitor with more favorable retinal penetration, high oral bioavailability, and long half-life. SNJ1945 rescued defective function in lissencephaly. SNJ-1945 protects SH-SY5Y cells against MPP(+) and rotenone. SNJ-1945 reduces murine retinal cell death in vitro and in vivo. SNJ-1945 has good aqueous solubility, can prevents the heart from KCl arrest-reperfusion injury associated with the impairment of total Ca(2+) handling by inhibiting the proteolysis of alpha-fodrin as a cardioplegia.

LZWL02003, an anti-neuroinflammatory agent, demonstrates a protective effect on MPP+-induced neuronal damage and reduces ROS expression. Additionally, it enhances cognition, memory, learning, and athleticism in Rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) rat models, suggesting its potential for neurodegenerative disease research [1].

RWJ-52353 hydrochloride is a potent oral agonist of the α2D adrenergic receptor (Ki: 1.5 nM) with potential analgesic properties. It exhibits pain-relief activity in abdominal tests on rats and mice and reduces agitation in mice during the hot plate and tail flick tests. Furthermore, RWJ-52353 hydrochloride modulates the organic cation transporter (OCT) subtypes by inhibiting rOCT1 and rOCT2 with IC50 values of 100 μM and 20 μM, respectively, and activating rOCT3, influencing the transport of [3H]-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ([3H]MPP) in cells [1] [2].

AN317 is a selective agonist for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) containing α6β2, with dissociation constants (Ki) of 6.2 nM and 4.1 nM for the α6 α3β2β3 and α4β2 receptor subtypes, respectively. It induces dopamine release in rat striatal synaptosomes, enhances the activity of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and exhibits protective effects against the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPP+ in rat neurons. AN317 also demonstrates favorable pharmacokinetic properties in rats and permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BB).

Galgravin has anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects, it can promote neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth, protect hippocampal neurons against amyloid beta peptide (Abeta25-35)-induced cytotoxicity, and protect against neuronal death from 1-met

Cyclocurcumin, a curcumin derivative, exhibits anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating abilities and is a potential compound for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis as predicted by the MM-PBSA method. It may have a therapeutic potential as

Licopyranocoumarin could as a potent neuroprotective drug via markedly blocked MPP+-induced neuronal PC12D cell death and disappearance of mitochondrial membrane potential, which were mediated by JNK.