messenger

2',3'-cGAMP sodium (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP sodium) is a second messenger in cellular innate immunity, catalyzed by cGAMP synthase (cGAS) under DNA binding conditions. It binds to STING to form a dimer, inducing the production and expression of interferon-β and other cytokines.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an agonist for S1P1-5 receptors and a ligand for GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12. As an intracellular second messenger, it mobilizes Ca2+ and acts as an extracellular ligand for G-protein coupled receptors. This important lipid mediator is generated from sphingosine or other membrane phospholipids.

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is an effective calcium mobilization second messenger synthesized from NAD+ by ADP-ribosyl cyclase. It mainly increases cytosolic calcium through Ryanodine receptor-mediated endoplasmic reticulum release and extracellular influx via the opening of TRPM2 channels.

2',3'-cGAMP (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP) is a second messenger in cellular innate immunity, catalyzed by cGAMP synthase (cGAS) under DNA binding conditions. It binds to STING to form a dimer, inducing the production and expression of interferon-β and other cytokines.

N6-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue, glycoside is an endogenous uridine product of transfer RNA degradation. It is the most prevalent internal modification of messenger RNA present in all higher eukaryotes and can modify viral RNA with antiviral activity.

Cyclic-di-GMP, a STING agonist and ubiquitous second messenger, regulates biofilm formation, motility, and virulence in various bacterial species.

cGAMP disodium is a cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) found in bacteria that acts as an endogenous second messenger affecting interferon production in response to cytoplasmic DNA. cGAMP disodium cascades signals from type I interferons and other immune mediators by activating interferon gene stimulator (STING). cGAMP disodium is a potent sublingual immune adjuvant that enables better immune function (serum anti-PA neutralization and airway secretions anti-PA SIgA response).

Cyclic ADP-ribose ammonium (cADPR ammonium) is a potent calcium mobilization second messenger synthesized from NAD+ by ADP-ribosyl cyclase. It raises cytosolic calcium levels through Ryanodine receptor-mediated release from the endoplasmic reticulum and facilitates extracellular influx via TRPM2 channels [1][2][3].

1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol ((S)-1,2-Dipalmitin) is an analog of the PKC-activating second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG). It weakly activates PKC.

GUANOSINE 3':5'-CYCLIC MONOPHOSPHATE SOD (cGMP sodium salt) , also known as cGMP, is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin. GUANOSINE 3':5'-CYCLIC MONOPHOSPHATE SOD activates protein kinase G (PKG) and modulates ion channel conductance, with signaling affecting diverse processes including smooth muscle relaxation and proliferation, phototransduction, and energy homeostasis.

Cyclic di-GMP sodium (c-di-GMP sodium) is a STING activator and a ubiquitous second messenger that regulates biofilm formation, motility and virulence of various bacteria.

Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) diammonium is a STING activator and a global bacterial second messenger, which regulates biofilm formation, motility, and virulence in diverse bacterial species .

cGAMP (Cyclic GMP-AMPP) diammonium serves as an intrinsic second messenger in metazoans, initiating the production of interferons upon cytosolic DNA detection. It activates the stimulator of interferon genes (STING), subsequently triggering a signaling cascade that culminates in the synthesis of type I interferons and various immune mediators [1] [2] [3] [4].

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (L-alpha-Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate), a critical phospholipid in cell membranes, serves as a substrate for both phospholipase C (PLC) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and acts as a primary messenger [1] [2] [3].

Scandoside, a cyclic enolide that can be isolated from Haemophilus difficile, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity, inhibits the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF-α, and IL-6 messenger RNA (mRNA), and inhibits the nuclear transcription factor, kappa-B alpaha (IκB-α), p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor phosphorylation.

Cyclic GMP is an endogenous second messenger that initiates interferon production in response to cytoplasmic DNA. It activates the stimulator of interferon genes (STING), triggering a signaling cascade that results in the production of type I interferons and other immune mediators. The conjugate of cyclic GMP and AMP, known as Cyclic-GMP-AMP, can induce the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3, thereby enhancing antiviral immune responses. Additionally, Cyclic GMP may activate PDE to degrade cAMP, inhibit the myocardial calcium current ICa, and regulate cardiac contractility. The derivative 8-Br-cGMP exhibits antiplatelet activity, and Cyclic GMP is used in research related to antiviral immunity and cardiovascular diseases.