messenger

SKI V is a potent and noncompetitive non-lipid sphingosine kinase (SPHK; SK) inhibitor (GST-hSK,IC50 : 2 μM), and is a PI3K inhibitor(hPI3k,IC50 : 6 μM), induces apoptosis and has antitumor activity

2',3'-cGAMP sodium (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP sodium) is a second messenger in cellular innate immunity, catalyzed by cGAMP synthase (cGAS) under DNA binding conditions. It binds to STING to form a dimer, inducing the production and expression of interferon-β and other cytokines.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an agonist for S1P1-5 receptors and a ligand for GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12. As an intracellular second messenger, it mobilizes Ca2+ and acts as an extracellular ligand for G-protein coupled receptors. This important lipid mediator is generated from sphingosine or other membrane phospholipids.

Cyclic-di-GMP disodium (5GP-5GP disodium) is a STING agonist and a second messenger in bacteria. It is involved in a variety of processes in prokaryotes, including biofilm formation, motility, and cell cycle progression. Cyclic-di-GMP disodium (5GP-5GP disodium) exhibits antiproliferative activity against cancer cells, inducing increased CD4 receptor expression and cell cycle arrest, and is a novel therapeutic agent that can be developed to prevent or treat cancer.

BI-9321 trihydrochloride (BI9321 trihydrochloride) is a selective and potent NSD3-PWWP1 antagonist that downregulates Myc messenger RNA expression and reduces proliferation in MOLM-13 cells.

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is an effective calcium mobilization second messenger synthesized from NAD+ by ADP-ribosyl cyclase. It mainly increases cytosolic calcium through Ryanodine receptor-mediated endoplasmic reticulum release and extracellular influx via the opening of TRPM2 channels.

3-Bromo-7-nitroindazole is a specific neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor that affects the synthesis of the intercellular messenger NO throughout the brain and body.

N6-Methyladenosine is a methylated adenine residue, glycoside is an endogenous uridine product of transfer RNA degradation. It is the most prevalent internal modification of messenger RNA present in all higher eukaryotes and can modify viral RNA with antiviral activity.

Kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate (Ksg (hydrochloride hydrate))(Ksg) specifically inhibits translation initiation of canonical but not of leaderless messenger RNAs. Ksg inhibition is thought to occur by direct competition with initiator transfer RNA

2',3'-cGAMP is an endogenous cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) produced by cGAS (cGAMP synthase) in response to double-stranded DNA in the cytoplasm. It acts as a STING activator and ligand, inducing interferons (IFNs) via the TBK1/IRF3 pathway and pro-inflammatory factors via the NF-κB pathway.

Cyclic-di-GMP, a STING agonist and ubiquitous second messenger, regulates biofilm formation, motility, and virulence in various bacterial species.

cGAMP is an endogenous second messenger in metazoans and triggers interferon production in response to cytosolic DNA. It also is a STING ligand.

cGAMP disodium is a cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) found in bacteria that acts as an endogenous second messenger affecting interferon production in response to cytoplasmic DNA. cGAMP disodium cascades signals from type I interferons and other immune mediators by activating interferon gene stimulator (STING). cGAMP disodium is a potent sublingual immune adjuvant that enables better immune function (serum anti-PA neutralization and airway secretions anti-PA SIgA response).

D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate hexapotassium salt is a second messenger that promotes the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum.

NLRP3-IN-51 (Compound 3q) is an effective activator of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP). This compound demonstrates potential for treating gouty arthritis as it inhibits the production of IL-1β in THP-1 cells induced by monosodium urate (MSU). Furthermore, NLRP3-IN-51 suppresses the phosphorylation of NF-κBp65 triggered by MSU without impacting the self-cleavage and activation of NLRP3, pro-caspase 1, or the second messenger caspase-1. Therefore, the initial stage of NLRP3 inhibition by NLRP3-IN-51 occurs through the activation of CAP.

Adenosine Kinase siRNA-2 is a small interfering RNA that targets adenosine kinase messenger RNA (mRNA).

VPC-80051 is an hnRNP A1 splicing activity inhibitor that directly interacts with the hnRNP A1 RBD and reduces AR-V7 messenger levels in the 22Rv1 CRPC cell line. VPC-80051 is applicable in prostate cancer research.

2-5A is a 5'-triphosphorylated (2',5') oligoadenylate. It acts as an immune messenger capable of enhancing RNase L immunity. By binding to RNase L and activating its endoribonuclease activity, 2-5A degrades viral mRNA and inhibits protein synthesis. This compound is useful in research on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and cancer.

NAADP tetrasodium is a second messenger that releases Ca2+ from acidic endosomes and lysosomes. It is used in the study of cancer, such as oral squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma, as well as in research related to angiogenesis-associated diseases.

PtdIns-(3)-P1 (1,2-dipalmitoyl) (Compound 7) ammonium is a derivative of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. This compound interacts with the FYVE domain of human EEA1, functioning as a second messenger in cellular signal transduction and membrane transport. Additionally, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate can stimulate ROS formation by regulating the neutrophil oxidase complex.

D-myo-Inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentaphosphate (ammonium salt) [Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 (ammonium salt)] is an isomer of inositol phosphate that functions as a small, soluble second messenger in cellular signaling. It can bind to the PH domain of Grp1 with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 590 nM. This compound inhibits the phosphorylation and kinase activity of Akt/PKB, leading to apoptosis in ovarian, lung, and breast cancer cells. Additionally, it exhibits anti-angiogenic activity in vitro, blocking capillary formation by HUVECs, and demonstrates antitumor effects in cancer xenograft models in nude mice.

D-myo-Inositol-1,2,6-triphosphate (sodium) is part of the inositol phosphate second messenger family and plays a crucial role in cellular signal transduction. Upon binding to receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum, it opens calcium channels, leading to an increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration.

D-myo-Inositol-2,4,5-triphosphate (Ins(2,4,5)P3) (sodium salt) is a second messenger produced by the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate mediated by phospholipase C. Upon binding to receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum, it can open calcium channels and raise intracellular calcium ion concentrations. It also acts as a partial agonist of rat hepatic IP3 receptors. This compound is utilized in the study of calcium signaling pathways.

D-myo-Inositol-1,2,3,5-tetraphosphate (Ins(1,2,3,5,6)-P5) tetrasodium is one of the inositol phosphate isomers that acts as a soluble second messenger in cellular calcium signaling.