fragments

Pepsin A is a protease and endopeptidase in the stomach, capable of breaking down proteins in food into small peptide fragments.

Galantide acetate, a non-specific galanin receptor antagonist, is a peptide consisting of fragments of galanin and substance P. Galantide acetate recognizes two classes of galanin binding sites (KD<0.1 nM and ~6 nM) in the rat hypothalamus. Galantide acetate dose dependently (IC50=1.0 nM) antagonizes the galanin-mediated inhibition of the glucose-induced insulin secretion from mouse pancreatic islets. Galantide acetate appears to bind to a single population of SP receptors (KD~40 nM).

Myoseverin, an inducer of the reversible fission of multinucleated myotubes into mononucleated fragments, affecting the expression of a variety of growth factor, immunomodulatory, extracellular matrix-remodeling, and stress response genes, consistent with

CLIP 86-100 acetate(648881-58-7 free base) is amino acids 86 to 100 fragment of class II-associated invariant chain peptide called CLIP. The major histocompatibility complex class II molecule displays peptide fragments of foreign proteins to trigger a defensive reaction from the immune system. Before insertion of the foreign peptides into the binding groove, a place-holding peptide CLIP is removed. CLIP 86-100 acetate(648881-58-7 free base) is accomplished by the molecule DM, which is shown to increase the dissociation rate of a CLIP peptide from class II.

A 78773 is a potent, selective, direct, and reversible 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. It has activity in a variety of purified cells and in more complex biological systems such as whole blood, lung fragments, and tracheal tissues. A 78773 acts against inflamma

Dactylorhin B is an active compound isolated from Coeloglossum Viride. Dactylorhin B reduces the toxic effects of β -amyloid fragments (25-35) on neuron cells and isolated rat brain mitochondria, which play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases.

Mycobactin S is made from metabolic products of the acid-resistant form of Mycobacterium phlei, a tuberculosis bacillus derived originally from the cold-blooded sea turtle. Importantly, it is not based on cell wall fragments or killed bacteria.

Sadopine is an excellent high affinity, high specific activity radioligand to label selectively the DHP receptor of L-type Ca2+ channels in tissue sections as well as in membrane fragments.

Urocortin III is a neuropeptide hormone and member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family which includes mammalian CRF , urocortin , urocortin II , frog sauvagine, and piscine urotensin I.1 Human urocortin III shares 90, 40, 37, and 21% identity to mouse urocortin III , mouse urocortin II , human urocortin , and mouse urocortin, respectively. Urocortin III selectively binds to type 2 CRF receptors (Kis = 21.7, 13.5, and >100 nM for rat CRF2α, rat CRF2β, and human CRF1, respectively). It stimulates cAMP production in CHO cells expressing rat CRF2α and mouse CRF2β (EC50s = 0.16 and 0.12 nM, respectively) as well as cultured anterior pituitary cells expressing endogenous CRF2β. Urocortin III is co-released with insulin to potentiate glucose-stimulated somatostatin release in vitro in human pancreatic β-cells.2 In vivo, urocortin III reduces food intake in a dose- and time-dependent manner in mice with a minimum effective dose (MED) of 0.3 nmol/animal.3 It increases swimming time in a forced swim test in mice, indicating antidepressant-like activity.4References1. Lewis, K., Li, C., Perrin, M.H., et al. Identification of urocortin III, an additional member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(13), 7570-7575 (2001).2. van der Meulen, T., Donaldson, C.J., Cáceres, E., et al. Urocortin3 mediates somatostatin-dependent negative feedback control of insulin secretion. Nat. Med. 21(7), 769-776 (2015).3. Pelleymounter, M.A., Joppa, M., Ling, N., et al. Behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of the selective CRF2 receptor agonists urocortin II and urocortin III. Peptides 25(4), 659-666 (2004).4. Tanaka, M., Kádár, K., Tóth, G., et al. Antidepressant-like effects of urocortin 3 fragments. Brain Res. Bull. 84(6), 414-418 (2011). Urocortin III is a neuropeptide hormone and member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family which includes mammalian CRF , urocortin , urocortin II , frog sauvagine, and piscine urotensin I.1 Human urocortin III shares 90, 40, 37, and 21% identity to mouse urocortin III , mouse urocortin II , human urocortin , and mouse urocortin, respectively. Urocortin III selectively binds to type 2 CRF receptors (Kis = 21.7, 13.5, and >100 nM for rat CRF2α, rat CRF2β, and human CRF1, respectively). It stimulates cAMP production in CHO cells expressing rat CRF2α and mouse CRF2β (EC50s = 0.16 and 0.12 nM, respectively) as well as cultured anterior pituitary cells expressing endogenous CRF2β. Urocortin III is co-released with insulin to potentiate glucose-stimulated somatostatin release in vitro in human pancreatic β-cells.2 In vivo, urocortin III reduces food intake in a dose- and time-dependent manner in mice with a minimum effective dose (MED) of 0.3 nmol/animal.3 It increases swimming time in a forced swim test in mice, indicating antidepressant-like activity.4 References1. Lewis, K., Li, C., Perrin, M.H., et al. Identification of urocortin III, an additional member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(13), 7570-7575 (2001).2. van der Meulen, T., Donaldson, C.J., Cáceres, E., et al. Urocortin3 mediates somatostatin-dependent negative feedback control of insulin secretion. Nat. Med. 21(7), 769-776 (2015).3. Pelleymounter, M.A., Joppa, M., Ling, N., et al. Behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of the selective CRF2 receptor agonists urocortin II and urocortin III. Peptides 25(4), 659-666 (2004).4. Tanaka, M., Kádár, K., Tóth, G., et al. Antidepressant-like effects of urocortin 3 fragments. Brain Res. Bull. 84(6), 414-418 (2011).

GLP-1 amide is a peptide hormone cleaved from proglucagon in the pancreas.1,2 Mice lacking the glucagon receptor (Gcgr-/-) have approximately nine-fold higher levels of total GLP-1 amide, including GLP-1 (1-36) amide and truncated GLP-1 (7-36) amide , in pancreatic tissue compared to wild-type mice.2References1. Schjoldager, B.T., Mortensen, P.E., Christiansen, J., et al. GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) and truncated GLP-1, fragments of human proglucagon, inhibit gastric acid secretion in humans. Dig. Dis. Sci. 34(5), 703-708 (1989).2. Gelling, R.W., Du, X.Q., Dichmann, D.S., et al. Lower blood glucose, hyperglucagonemia, and pancreatic α cell hyperplasia in glucagon receptor knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100(3), 1438-1443 (2003). GLP-1 amide is a peptide hormone cleaved from proglucagon in the pancreas.1,2 Mice lacking the glucagon receptor (Gcgr-/-) have approximately nine-fold higher levels of total GLP-1 amide, including GLP-1 (1-36) amide and truncated GLP-1 (7-36) amide , in pancreatic tissue compared to wild-type mice.2 References1. Schjoldager, B.T., Mortensen, P.E., Christiansen, J., et al. GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) and truncated GLP-1, fragments of human proglucagon, inhibit gastric acid secretion in humans. Dig. Dis. Sci. 34(5), 703-708 (1989).2. Gelling, R.W., Du, X.Q., Dichmann, D.S., et al. Lower blood glucose, hyperglucagonemia, and pancreatic α cell hyperplasia in glucagon receptor knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100(3), 1438-1443 (2003).

5'-O-DMT-Ri can be used in the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides[1]. [1]. Kadokura M. Synthesis of 4-thiouridine, 6-thioinosine, and 6-thioguanosine 3',5'-O-bisphosphates as donor molecules for RNA ligation and their application to the synthesis of photoactivatable TMG-capped U1 snRNA fragments. J Org Chem. 2000 Aug 25;65(17):5104-13.

13(S)-HpOTrE is a monohydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid produced in soybeans by the action of soybean LO-2 on esterified α-linolenic acid.[1] Incubation of soybean seedling biomembranes with soybean LO-2 catalyzes the formation of both 9- and 13-HpOTrE in a molar ratio of 10:1.1 In plants, 13(S)-HpOTrE can be metabolized by the hydroperoxide lyase pathway producing aldehyde and oxoacid fragments, or by the hydroperoxide dehydratase pathway producing jasmonic acid.[2],[3],[4] Treatment of tomato leaves with 13-HpOTrE causes induction of proteinase inhibitors, simulating the normal response to wounding.5 This data suggests that in plants 13(S)-HpOTrE may participate in a lipid-based signalling system initiated by insect and pathogen attack.

SS-RJW100 is an enantiomer of RJW100, known as a racemic agonist that targets two nuclear receptors: liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1) and steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1). In vitro experiments reveal that SS-RJW100 promotes the recruitment of coregulator protein fragments and enhances the interaction with the transcriptional intermediary factor 2 (Tif2) coactivator specifically for LRH-1. Additionally, SS-RJW100 disrupts the allosteric activation networks of LRH-1, displaying suboptimal thermal stability [1] [2].

Sphistin Synthetic Peptide (12-38, Fitc in N-Terminal-Fluorescently Labeled Peptide) represents truncated fragments of the parent peptide, characterized by an N-terminal fluorescent label (Fitc).

CART (55-76), rat, a neuropeptide comprising residues 55-76 of the CART peptide and serving as the N-terminal fragments of CART (55-102), functions as a rat satiety factor. It demonstrates potent appetite-suppressing activity and has a close association with leptin and neuropeptide Y. Additionally, CART (55-76), rat is known to induce anxiety and stress-related behavior [1].

Ficain, an enzyme extract comprising multiple proteases, is derived from Ficus hispida L. and the latex of fig (Ficus carica). Its specificities vary in proportion with the ripening of the fruit. The compound finds extensive application in protein hydrolysis, food industries, and the production of bioactive peptides and antibody fragments [1] [2].

Histatin 8, a salivary antimicrobial peptide derived from proteolytic fragments of histatin 3 and histatin 5, exhibits activity against A. baumannii strains, both colistin-susceptible and -resistant, at a concentration of 32 µg/ml. Additionally, it is effective against C. albicans and C. tropicalis, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1 and 5 mg/ml, respectively.

DC4 crosslinker, an 18Å mass spectrometry-cleavable crosslinking reagent, features two intrinsic positive charges facilitating the fragmentation of cross-linked peptides into their constituent peptides through collision-induced dissociation or in-source decay. Initial fragmentation leads to cleavage adjacent to the positive charges, enabling the identification of cross-linked peptides as pairs of ions with precise mass separation. Furthermore, the resultant intact peptide fragments can undergo further fragmentation, producing a sequence of b- and y-ions for peptide identification.

BTK-IN-32 (compound C2) acts as a potent BTK inhibitor. Unlike isolated kinase domains, this compound activates full-length BTK as well as its smaller multidomain fragments [1].

H-(Gly)3-Lys(N3)-OH is a chemical reagent featuring an azide group prominently used in click chemistry for coupling with alkyne-containing fragments. Azides are extensively utilized for this purpose due to their effectiveness in such reactions. A polyglycine segment containing up to seven glycine residues has been reported to bind to surfaces, demonstrating potential applications in nanostructures; specifically, the Gly7-NHCH2 peptide segment binds to mica surfaces in aqueous solutions.

Agarose (Low melting point) is a type of agarose, a polysaccharide derived from seaweed, commonly used in molecular biology and biochemistry for isolating and purifying DNA and RNA fragments. This low melting point agarose is suitable for recovering large DNA fragments and enzymatic reactions in gels, as well as for applications in pulsed field gel electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis for genetic material analysis.

Sphistin Synthetic Peptide is a truncated fragments of Sphistin Synthetic Peptide that shows potent antimicrobial activity.

β-Amyloid (29-40) is a fragment of Amyloid-β peptide. Alzheimer's beta amyloid peptide (29-40 42) C-terminal fragments exhibit physical and chemical properties similar to fusion peptides of viral proteins, inducing liposome fusion in vitro.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (1-39), rat, is a potent melanocortin 2 (MC2) receptor agonist. Peptide fragments of ACTH (1-39) were formed during in vitro incubation with membrane preparations, isolated by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and characterized by determining their amino acid composition and NH2-terminal residue.