disease

MPTP hydrochloride is a precursor of MPP+, a dopamine neurotoxin with blood-brain barrier permeability. MPTP hydrochloride is toxic to dopaminergic neurons, which can lead to Parkinson's disease, and is widely used in the construction of animal models of Parkinson's disease.

Imiquimod (R 837) is an immune response modifier that acts as a toll-like receptor 7 agonist.

Inosine (NSC-20262) is a purine nucleoside that has hypoxanthine linked by the N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It has immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and analgesic properties.

Oxazolone has been used as a haptenizing agent to induce inflammatory responses in intestinal tissue of adult zebrafish and as a model for gene expression studies in two forms of inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

L-DOPA (Levodopa) is an amino acid precursor of dopamine with antiparkinsonian properties. It is a prodrug converted to dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase and can cross the blood-brain barrier. In the brain, levodopa is decarboxylated to dopamine, stimulating dopaminergic receptors and compensating for depleted endogenous dopamine in Parkinson's disease. To ensure adequate concentrations reach the central nervous system, levodopa is administered with carbidopa, a decarboxylase inhibitor that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, reducing peripheral decarboxylation and increasing CNS dopamine delivery.

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) , a naturally occurring form of vitamin D, activates an H305F H397Y mutant vitamin D receptor (VDR).

Oxidopamine hydrobromide (6-OHDA hydrobromide) is a neurotransmitter dopamine antagonist.

Oxidopamine hydrochloride (6-Hydroxydopamine hydrochloride) is an neurotransmitter dopamine antagonist.

Uric acid sodium, scavengers of oxygen radicals, is a potent and common antioxidant that helps maintain stable blood pressure and resist oxidative stress. Uric acid sodium, which removes reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite, has an inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation and is associated with the pathogenesis of gout joint disease and the formation of calcium oxalate stones.

Amiodarone (Cordarone) is an antiarrhythmic compound that induces pulmonary toxicity and inhibits ATP-sensitive potassium channels.Amiodarone has shown some antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2-induced disease.

β-Amyloid (1-42), (rat mouse) (TFA), is a 42-amino acid peptide fragment employed in the study of Alzheimer's disease.

Fulvine, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid extracted from Crotalaria fulva seeds, exhibits hepatotoxic properties and can be employed for inducing hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease in vivo.

β-Amyloid (1-40) TFA, a principal protein in plaques observed in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients [1], is pivotal in research focused on this neurodegenerative disorder.

β-Amyloid (42-1), human TFA, a 42-amino acid peptide, represents the inactive form of Amyloid β Peptide (1-42) and is crucial in the development of Alzheimer's disease [1].

Amyloid (1-42), rat is a polypeptide composed of 42 amino acids. It is toxic to hippocampal slices and can be used in the study of alzheimer's disease.

β-Amyloid (42-1), human, is the inactive form of Amyloid β Peptide (1-42), which plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.