disease

MPTP hydrochloride is a dopamine neurotoxin and the precursor of MPP⁺. It can induce apoptosis and has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. MPTP hydrochloride is toxic to dopaminergic neurons and is commonly used for the construction of Parkinson's disease animal models.

Imiquimod (R 837) is an immune response modifier and a toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist with antiviral and antitumor effects. It is used in the study of external genital warts, perianal warts, cancer, and COVID-19, and is commonly employed to induce psoriasis models.

Inosine (NSC-20262), an endogenous purine nucleoside produced by the catabolism of adenosine, is an agonist of adenosine receptors A1R and A2AR. Inosine has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antinociceptive and neuroprotective effects.

Rotenone is a natural plant-derived insecticide that acts as an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I. It promotes the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, induces apoptosis, and is commonly used to establish Parkinson's disease models.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), derived from Escherichia coli O55:B5, are essential components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Composed of lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide, LPS exhibits strong immunogenicity. It activates immune cells via the TLR4 receptor, induces chemotactic cell migration and cytokine secretion, and helps maintain the integrity of the bacterial outer membrane, protecting against bile salts and lipid-based antibiotics. LPS is commonly used to establish inflammatory models, including arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and gastrointestinal disease models.

Oxazolone is a haptenating agent that can induce models of acute or chronic colitis and atopic dermatitis. It activates Th1 Th2 responses, leading to weight loss and diarrhea, and the resulting inflammation can be alleviated by anti-IL-4 antibodies, anti-TNF-α antibodies, or IL-13R2α-Fc fusion proteins. It is also suitable for studying gene expression related to inflammatory bowel disease in zebrafish.

PLX5622 is an orally active small-molecule CSF1R inhibitor that selectively depletes microglia in the brains of mice and rats. It is commonly used to establish models related to microglia-associated neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease), brain injury, and neuroimmune regulation.

Haloperidol is an effective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist that can be used to induce models of tardive dyskinesia and Parkinson’s disease.

Colchicine is an orally active natural alkaloid that acts by inhibiting microtubule polymerization (IC50 = 3 nM) and as a competitive antagonist of the α3 glycine receptor. It possesses broad anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and antifibrotic activities, can inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation to prevent NSAID-induced small intestine injury, holds potential for gouty arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis research, and is commonly used to establish Alzheimer’s disease models.

L-DOPA (Levodopa) is an orally active metabolic precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It can cross the blood-brain barrier and be converted into dopamine in the brain. L-DOPA exhibits anti-hyperalgesic effects and holds potential in Parkinson’s disease research, and it can also be used to induce Parkinson’s disease models.

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) is a naturally occurring form of vitamin D that, after metabolic activation, can induce cell differentiation and cancer cell proliferation. It can also be used to establish kidney stone models.

Oxidopamine hydrobromide (6-OHDA hydrobromide) is a widely used neurotoxin and an antagonist of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons, promotes COX-2 activation, induces PGE2 synthesis, and stimulates the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. It is commonly used to establish animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD).

Elastase from porcine pancreas is a serine protease derived from the porcine pancreas, consisting of 240 amino acid residues. It has the ability to hydrolyze proteins and peptides, can induce emphysema in hamsters, and is commonly used to establish animal models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Uric acid sodium is a potent and widely recognized antioxidant with the ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals, helping to maintain blood pressure stability and counteract oxidative stress. It effectively eliminates reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite, and inhibits lipid peroxidation. Additionally, uric acid sodium is closely associated with the pathogenesis of gouty arthritis and the formation of calcium oxalate stones, and it can be used to induce hypertension models.

N-Nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU/MNU/NMH) is a nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties; as a direct-acting alkylating agent, it interacts with DNA and targets multiple animal organs to induce various cancers and degenerative diseases, and is commonly used to induce disease models such as gastric cancer and breast cancer in mice.

Oxidopamine hydrochloride (6-Hydroxydopamine hydrochloride) is a widely used neurotoxin and an antagonist of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons, promotes COX-2 activation, induces PGE2 synthesis, and stimulates the secretion of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. It is commonly used to establish animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD).

PLX5622 hemifumarate is a highly selective, blood-brain barrier-permeable, and orally active CSF1R inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.016 μM and a Ki of 5.9 nM. It can be used to eliminate proliferating and specific microglia before and during disease progression and is applicable for inducing Alzheimer's disease models.

β-Amyloid (25-35) is a fragment of the Alzheimer’s amyloid beta peptide Aβ(25-35), exhibiting neurotoxic effects and commonly used to establish both cellular and animal models of Alzheimer’s disease.

Lactacystin is an orally active, irreversible, and cell-permeable proteasome inhibitor (IC50 = 4.8 μM) that also inhibits the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin A. It induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, possesses anticancer, antiviral, and antioxidant activities, can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and is commonly used in the construction of Parkinson’s disease and dementia models.

Okadaic acid is a potent polyether marine toxin that primarily accumulates in the digestive glands of marine mollusks. It is a highly effective and selective inhibitor of protein phosphatases (PPs). By inhibiting these phosphatases, okadaic acid increases the phosphorylation levels of various proteins, acts as a tumor promoter, and induces tau protein phosphorylation. It can be used to establish models of Alzheimer’s disease and skin cancer.

L-Homocysteine is a biological thiol involved in various diseases and pathological conditions. It is a marker for atherosclerosis and can exacerbate intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by promoting the expression of 5-LOX and COX-2, making it suitable for inducing vascular endothelial inflammation models.

Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic compound that inhibits ATP-sensitive potassium channels (IC₅₀ = 19.1 μM) and can induce pulmonary toxicity. It has shown some antiviral activity in diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2 and is commonly used to establish animal models of pulmonary fibrosis.

Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) is a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) analog and an agonist of TLR3 as well as retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5). It can induce innate immune responses in mammals and serve as a vaccine adjuvant to enhance both innate and adaptive immunity, while modulating the tumor microenvironment and directly inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Poly(I:C) is commonly used to establish acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) animal models for studying immune responses and disease mechanisms.

Levodopa sodium (L-DOPA) is the metabolic precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It is orally active, capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, and is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons in the brain where it is converted into dopamine. It exhibits anti-hyperalgesic effects and is commonly used to induce animal models of Parkinson's disease.