MPTP hydrochloride is a precursor of MPP+, a dopamine neurotoxin with blood-brain barrier permeability. MPTP hydrochloride is toxic to dopaminergic neurons, which can lead to Parkinson's disease, and is widely used in the construction of animal models of Parkinson's disease.

Rotenone (Rotocide) is a natural product and a botanical insecticide. Rotenone is a mitochondrial electron transport complex I inhibitor that promotes the production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria and induces apoptosis.

Oxidopamine hydrobromide (6-OHDA hydrobromide) is a neurotransmitter dopamine antagonist.

L-DOPA (Levodopa) is an amino acid precursor of dopamine with antiparkinsonian properties. It is a prodrug converted to dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase and can cross the blood-brain barrier. In the brain, levodopa is decarboxylated to dopamine, stimulating dopaminergic receptors and compensating for depleted endogenous dopamine in Parkinson's disease. To ensure adequate concentrations reach the central nervous system, levodopa is administered with carbidopa, a decarboxylase inhibitor that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, reducing peripheral decarboxylation and increasing CNS dopamine delivery.

Oxidopamine hydrochloride (6-Hydroxydopamine hydrochloride) is an neurotransmitter dopamine antagonist.

Haloperidol (Serenace) is a highly potent neuroleptic by relieving nervous through the depression of nerve function. In addition, haloperidol has shown about 50-fold efficacy than chlorpromazine, another antipsychotic drug. Haloperidol has some potencies in the treatment of delusions and hallucinations. Its effects are primarily attained through blocking dopamine receptors in the mesocortex and limbic system.

Lactacystin is a natural non-peptide proteasome inhibitor and highly specific anticancer drug that controls the UPS of cellular protein turnover and inhibits alkaline cell proliferation, and is able to be used as a model for studying dementia, induces neurite outgrowth and transiently elevated levels of cAMP, inhibits angiogenesis, triggers apoptosis in glioma cells, and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

Levodopa is the naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier, and rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to D