vitamin a

9-cis-Vitamin A palmitate (9-cis-Retinyl palmitate) is a 9-cis isomer derived from the interaction of vitamin A palmitate in corn flakes, exhibiting 26% of the biological activity of the all-trans-vitamin A palmitate, the most biologically active form of vitamin A.

13-cis-Vitamin A palmitate (13-cis-Retinyl palmitate), a derivative of vitamin A palmitate found in corn flakes, is the 13-cis isomer with 75% of the biological activity of the all-trans form, the most active form of vitamin A [1].

Vitamin D3 octanoate, an ester derived from vitamin D3, is commonly known as cholecalciferol. Cholecalciferol is a naturally occurring form of vitamin D with notable properties such as inducing cell differentiation and impeding cancer cell proliferation.

Vitamin B15 (Pangamic Acid) hemicalcium, a substance naturally ubiquitous in plant seeds, serves as a stimulant for cellular respiration and contains D-gluconodimethyl amino acetic acid. This compound also acts as an immune-correcting agent [1] [2] and is applicable in treating a wide range of diseases.

3-Deoxy Vitamin D3 is a derivative of vitamin D3 that lacks oxygen (deoxygenated).

Retinyl acetate (Vitamin A acetate) is a group of unsaturated nutritional hydrocarbons, that contains retinal, retinol, retinoic acid, and several provitamins A carotenoids, among which beta-carotene is the most important.

Retinyl palmitate (Vitamin A palmitate) is a naturally-occurring phenyl analogue of retinol, with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities.

Isotretinoin (13-cis-Retinoic acid) binds to and activates nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs), which act as transcription factors that promote cell differentiation and apoptosis. This naturally occurring retinoic acid has potential antineoplastic activity, exhibits immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory responses, and inhibits ornithine decarboxylase, thereby decreasing polyamine synthesis and keratinization.

Retinoic acid (Tretinoin), a metabolite of vitamin A, is a natural agonist of the retinoic acid receptor RAR and inhibits RARα/β/γ (IC50=14 nM). Retinoic acid induces cellular differentiation, reduces cellular proliferation, and inhibits tumorigenesis.

Retinol (Alphalin) and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.

β-Carotene (Provitamin A) is a naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA.

All-trans-retinal (Vitamin A aldehyde) is a one of the major vitamin A metabolites in the retina. All-trans-RAL is regenerated to the visual chromophore, 11-cis-retinal in physiological conditions.

Retinol (Standard) is the standard substance of Retinol, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Retinol (Vitamin A) is a natural vitamin that is fat soluble. Retinol plays an important role in the metabolic functions of the retina, growth and differentiation of epithelial tissues, bone growth, reproduction and immune response.

Retinyl acetate (Standard) is the standard substance of Retinyl acetate, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Retinyl acetate (Vitamin A acetate) is a group of unsaturated nutritional hydrocarbons, that contains retinal, retinol, retinoic acid, and several provitamins A carotenoids, among which beta-carotene is the most important.

Retinyl palmitate (Standard) is the standard substance of Retinyl palmitate, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Retinyl palmitate (Vitamin A palmitate) is a naturally-occurring phenyl analogue of retinol, with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities.

Anhydrolutein III (Deoxylutein I) is the dehydrated product of Lutein.

Calcitriol (1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3) is a metabolite of vitamin D and a vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonist (IC50=0.4 nM). Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and increases bone resorption with parathyroid hormone.

Betaine chloride (Betaine hydrochloride) is an acidic form of betaine, a vitamin-like substance observed in grains and other foods; gains the amplification of DNA by decreasing the formation of secondary structure in GC-rich regions.

Folic acid is an orally active essential nutrient involved in the synthesis of DNA/RNA and the production and maintenance of new cells. It exhibits antidepressant-like effects and can reduce the risk of neural tube defects in newborns. Folate deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia, macrocytic anemia, neural tube closure defects, tumors, and aging-related diseases. Folic acid is also commonly used in research on folate deficiency-related conditions and to induce acute kidney injury models.

Menadione (Vitamin K3) is a synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.

Niacin (Nicotinic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family, which occurs in many animal and plant tissues, with antihyperlipidemic activity. Niacin is converted to its active form niacinamide, which is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphate form, NADP.

Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B1) is an essential micronutrient and a cofactor for many central metabolic enzymes.

L-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a natural product that is a potent reducing agent and antioxidant. L-Ascorbic acid functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen. L-Ascorbic acid is used in the treatment of scurvy.

Nicotinamide, a vitamin B3 derivative, is an inhibitor of SIRT1 (IC50=50-180 μM) and SIRT2 (IC50=2 μM). Nicotinamide can be used as a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD+, which can be supplemented by dietary intake and can prevent or treat melanoglossia and pellagra.