type ii diabetes

Aleglitazar (R1439) (R1439) is a potent dual PPARα γ agonist, with IC50s of 38 nM and 19 nM for human PPARa and PPARγ, respectively. Aleglitazar can be used for the research of type II diabetes.

16α-Bromoepiandrosterone (BEA) is a water-soluble synthetic sterol related to DHEA and is used in studies of type II diabetes and non-diabetic tuberculosis infections.

LI-2242 is a potent inositol hexakisphosphate kinase (IP6K) inhibitor with IC50s of 31 nM, 42 nM, 8.7 nM, and 1944 nM for IP6K1, IP6K2, IP6K3, and IPMK, respectively.LI-2242 ameliorated hepatic steatosis by reducing the expression of genes that enhance lipid uptake, lipid stabilization, and adipogenesis, and enhanced mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and insulin signaling in adipocytes and hepatocytes in vitro. LI-2242 ameliorated diet-induced obesity, hyperglycemia and hepatic steatosis in mice.LI-2242 can be used to study type II diabetes, obesity, metabolic complications, venous thrombosis and psychiatric disorders.

Ebaresdax hydrochloride has analgesic activity and is used in the study of painful diabetic neuropathy caused by type I or type II diabetes.

Nampt activator-2 is a NAMPT activator (EC50: 0.023 μM). Nampt activator-2 has an affinity for CYP2C9, 2D6, and 2C19 with affinity values of 0.060 μM, 0.41 μM, and 0.59 μM, respectively.Nampt activator-2 can be used in the study of atherosclerosis, obesity, type II diabetes, insulin resistance, and type I diabetes.

Enpp-1-IN-16 is an inhibitor targeting ENPP1 with potential anti-cancer activity.Enpp-1-IN-16 can be used to study insulin resistance in relation to type II diabetes mellitus and various ENPP1-mediated diseases in the chondrocalcinosis and osteoarthritis classes.

Canagliflozin (JNJ 28431754AAA) is a selective SGLT2 inhibitor that inhibits CHO cells expressing mSGLT2, rSGLT2, and hSGLT2 (IC50=2 3.7 4.4 nM). Canagliflozin can be used for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

1. Kuwanon G (Moracenin B) as dual inhibitors of PTP1B and α-glucosidase enzymes, as well as insulin sensitizers, it may potentially be utilized as an effective treatment for Type II diabetes mellitus. 2. Kuwanon G has anti-inflammatory activity, it can attenuate atherosclerosis through inhibiting foam cell formation and inflammatory response. 3. Kuwanon G is a potent inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase B. 4. Kuwanon G shows acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase(BChE) inhibitory activities, it may be a promising candidate for preventive and therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. 5. Kuwanon G prevents the pathological progression of allergic asthma through the inhibition of lung destruction by inflammation and immune stimulation. 6. Kuwanon G has antibacterial activity against oral pathogens. 7. Kuwanon G is a specific antagonist for the GRP-preferring receptor and can be useful for studying the physiological and pathological role of GRP.

Apelin-13 is a 13-amino acid peptide sequence found in the central and peripheral nervous system that is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor angiotensin II protein J (APJ), with an EC50 value of 0.37 nM for APJ.Apelin-13 has vasodilatory and antihypertensive activity and can be used to study type 2 diabetic syndrome. Apelin-13 has vasodilatory and antihypertensive activities and can be used to study type 2 diabetes syndrome.

TMPA is a nuclear receptor Nur77 and LKB1 interaction antagonist.

'3'-Hydroxy Repaglinide, a primary CYP2C8 metabolite of Repaglinide, is derived from carbamoylmethyl benzoic acid and is used in the treatment of type II diabetes.

AM-1638 is an orally active GPR40 FFA1 agonist, useful for studying type II diabetes.

GLP-1R agonist 25 (compound 13) is a GLP1-R agonist with an EC50 of 0.167 nM and is utilized in research for Type II diabetes.

JNJ-41443532 Free Base is an oral CCR2 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The compound has completed a Phase I trial with healthy volunteers in Belgium and a Phase II trial involving type 2 diabetes patients in the United States.

TT01001 (Ethyl 4-(3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)thioureido)piperidine-1-carboxylate) is a selective agonist of mitoNEET and reduces oxidative stress injury and neuronal apoptosis by improving mitochondrial dysfunction. TT01001 can be used in studies about the treatment of type II diabetes.

BMS-986118 is a full agonist of GPR40, is a G-protein-coupled receptor expressed primarily in pancreatic islets and intestinal L-cells that has been a target of significant recent therapeutic interest for type II diabetes. Activation of GPR40 by partial a

Naveglitazar (LY 519818, LY 9818) is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) modulator, which has entered phase II clinical trials for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Bile acids are essential for solubilization and transport of dietary lipids, are the major products of cholesterol catabolism, and are physiological ligands for farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor that regulates genes involved in lipid metabolism.1They are also inherently cytotoxic, as physiological imbalance contributes to increased oxidative stress.2,3Bile acid-controlled signaling pathways are promising novel targets to treat such metabolic diseases as obesity, type II diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis.Guggulsterone, derived from resin of the guggul tree, is a competitive antagonist of FXR bothin vitroandin vivo.4Thecisstereoisomer of guggulsterone, (E)-guggulsterone, decreases chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA)-induced FXR activation with an IC50value of 15 μM.5,6By inhibiting CDCA-induced transactivation of FXR, guggulsterone lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rodents fed a high cholesterol diet.4 1.Makishima, M., Okamoto, A.Y., Repa, J.J., et al.Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acidsScience2841362-1365(1999) 2.Barbier, O., Torra, I.P., Sirvent, A., et al.FXR induces the UGT2B4 enzyme in hepatocytes: A potential mechanism of negative feedback control of FXR activityGastroenterology1241926-1940(2003) 3.Tan, K.P., Yang, M., and Ito, S.Activation of nuclear factor (erythroid-2 like) factor 2 by toxic bile acids provokes adaptive defense responses to enhance cell survival at the emergence of oxidative stressMol. Pharmacol.72(5)1380-1390(2007) 4.Urizar, N.L., Liverman, A.B., Dodds, D.T., et al.A natural product that lowers cholesterol as an anatagonist ligand for FXRScience296(5573)1703-1706(2002) 5.Cui, J., Huang, L., Zhao, A., et al.Guggulsterone is a farnesoid X receptor antagonist in coactivator association assays but acts to enhance transcription of bile salt export pumpThe Journal of Biological Chemisty278(12)10214-10220(2003) 6.Wu, J., Xia, C., Meier, J., et al.The hypolipidemic natural product guggulsterone acts as an antagonist of the bile acid receptorMolecular Endocrinology16(7)1590-1597(2002)

SCD1 inhibitor-3 (ML-270) is a highly effective and orally available compound that inhibits SCD1 with remarkable safety. SCD1 inhibitor-3 demonstrates strong potential for research in metabolic diseases, including obesity, type II diabetes, and dyslipidemia, as well as various skin conditions like acne and cancer.

Amylin (8-37), human, derived from human Amylin, possesses direct vasodilator effects in isolated mesenteric resistance arteries of rats. Human Amylin is a small pancreatic β-cell hormone that forms aggregates in the absence of insulin and is a key pathological feature of type II diabetes mellitus.

GAD65 (206-220) is a synthetic peptide derived from glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65, specifically corresponding to residues 180-188. It is known that GAD65 interacts with I-Ag7 MHC class II molecules and is a significant pancreatic antigen that self-reactive T cells target in type I diabetes mellitus.

D-Tagatose (D-(-)-Tagatose), a rare natural hexoketose and isomer of D-galactose, occurs naturally in Sterculia setigera gum and is found in small quantities in various foods such as sterilized and powdered cow's milk, hot cocoa, and various cheeses, yogurts, and other dairy products. It can be synthesized from D-galactose by isomerization under alkaline conditions in the presence of calcium. D-Tagatose has numerous health benefits, including promotion of weight loss, no glycemic effect, anti-plaque, non-cariogenic, anti-halitosis, prebiotic, and anti-biofilm properties; it is beneficial for organ transplants, enhancement of flavor, improvement of pregnancy and fetal development, treatment of obesity, and reduction in symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, anemia, and hemophilia. (PMID: 17492284).

Masoprocol (meso-Nordihydroguaiaretic acid) is a potent, orally active lipoxygenase inhibitor that exhibits antihyperglycemic activity, making it potentially valuable for type II diabetes research. In vivo, Masoprocol reduces glucose and hepatic triglyceride concentrations [1] [2] [3].

α-Glucosidase-IN-9 (compound 7) is a highly potent α-glucosidase inhibitor with an IC50 of 55.6 μM, suitable for type II diabetes research [1].