toxin c

Tetanus toxin (1,301-1,315) (C. tetani) refers to a peptide fragment located at the C-terminal of the heavy chain of the tetanus toxin derived from C. tetani.

Pumiliotoxins (PTXs), are one of several toxins found in the skin of poison dart frogs. There are three different types of this toxin: A, B and C, of which toxins A and B are more toxic than C. Pumiliotoxins interfere with muscle contraction by affecting

Detoxin C1 is a selective blasticidin S antagonist.

Apratoxin C is a cyanobacterial cyclodepsipeptide as a potent cytotoxin.

Lemmatoxin C is a bioactive chemical.

Ochratoxin C is a toxic metabolite from Aspergillus orchraceus.

ω-Conotoxin CVIF is a selective inhibitor of Ca v 2.2 channels, with an IC50 value of 34.3 nM in isolated rat DRG neurons, and exhibits weakly reversible blockade of Cav2.2 channels [1].

ω-Conotoxin CVIE selectively inhibits voltage-gated Ca^2+ channels (Ca_v 2.2) [1].

ω-Conotoxin CVIB is an antagonist of non-selective N- and P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). It inhibits depolarization-activated whole-cell VGCC currents in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, exhibiting a pIC50 of 7.64 [1].

ω-Conotoxin CVIA, a 27-amino acid neuropeptide, functions as a blocker of voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCCs) [1].

ω-Conotoxin CnVIIA, a 27-amino-acid neuropeptide toxin, serves as an N-type calcium current blocker [1].

Tau conotoxin CnVA, a small peptide found in the venom of Conus consors (cone snail), is a member of the T1 cone snail peptide superfamily. It demonstrates high selectivity for the somatostatin sst3 receptor with a Ki value of 1.5 µM. Tau conotoxin CnVA is unique as the only known toxin interacting with this subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). This compound is useful for research related to diseases associated with the sst3 receptor, such as pancreatic cancer or pituitary adenomas.

Ciguatoxin CTX 3C is a hapten that can rapidly disrupt neuronal excitability balance.

Aspergillomarasmine A is a polyamine acid naturally produced by the mold Aspergillus Versicolor.

µ-Conotoxin-CnIIIC acetate is a potent NaV1.4 sodium channel antagonist, a conotoxin peptide consisting of 22 amino acids, used for muscle relaxation and pain relief.

μ-Conotoxin-CnIIIC, a 22-residue conopeptide derived from Conus consors, acts as a potent and persistent NaV1.4 channel blocker, exhibiting analgesic, anaesthetic, and myorelaxant properties [1] [2].

Cn2 toxin, a β-toxin, interacts with the voltage-sensing domain of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV) [1].

Cd1a, a β-toxin from the African spider Ceratogyrus darlingi, modulates calcium ion channels and inhibits human calcium ion channels (Ca v 2.2)(IC 50 2.6 μM) as well as mouse sodium ion channels (Na v 1.7). This compound has potential applications in creating drugs for the treatment of peripheral pain [1].

Cytochalasin C, a cell-permeable fungal toxin, induces the formation of nuclear sticks and is 10 times less toxic than cytochalasin D in mice.

C-lock-G5-DUO-5.3 is a Drug-linker, and DUO-5.3 is a new type of toxin molecule that can be used in the synthesis of ADC compounds.

C-lock-G5-DUO-5 is a Drug-linker. DUO-5 is a microtubule inhibitor, a novel toxin molecule with anti-cancer activity. It is connected to C-lock-G5 through a stable covalent irreversible linkage, re-introducing covalent bonding, achieving better stability and improved PK characteristics.

N-Ac-Cys-C-lock-G5-DUO-5 is a part of ADC. DUO-5 is a microtubule inhibitor and a new type of toxin molecule with anti-cancer activity.

β-Defensin-1 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth ofB. adolescentis,L. acidophilus,B. breve,B. vulgatus,L. fermentum,B. longum, andS. thermophilusin an antimicrobial radial diffusion assay.2β-Defensin-1 also inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius, and of susceptibleM. tuberculosisH37Rv but not of resistantM. tuberculosisRM22 when used at a concentration of 128 μg/ml.3,4It blocks human and mouse Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channels (IC50s = 11.8 and 13.2 μM, respectively).5Overexpression of β-defensin-1 in the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines HSC-3, UM-1, and SCC-9 increases migration and invasion but not proliferation.6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Schroeder, B.O., Ehmann, D., Precht, J.C., et al.Paneth cell α-defensin 6 (HD-6) is an antimicrobial peptideMucosal Immunol.8(3)661-671(2015) 3.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 4.Fattorini, L., Gennaro, R., Zanetti, M., et al.In vitro activity of protegrin-1 and beta-defensin-1, alone and in combination with isoniazid, against Mycobacterium tuberculosisPeptides25(7)1075-1077(2004) 5.Feng, J., Xie, Z., Yang, W., et al.Human beta-defensin 1, a new animal toxin-like blocker of potassium channelToxicon113(2016) 6.Han, Q., Wang, R., Sun, C., et al.Human beta-defensin-1 suppresses tumor migration and invasion and is an independent predictor for survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma patientsPLoS One9(3)e91867(2014)

Emestrin, a mycotoxin originally isolated from *E. striata*, exhibits antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and cytotoxic activities. It is effective against fungi *C. albicans* and *C. neoformans*, and bacteria *E. coli*, *S. aureus*, and methicillin-resistant *S. aureus* (MRSA; IC50s = 3.94, 0.6, 2.21, 4.55, and 2.21 μg/ml, respectively). Emestrin acts as a chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonist (IC50 = 5.4 μM in a radioligand binding assay using isolated human monocytes). At 0.1 μg/ml, it induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells and causes necrosis in heart, thymus, and liver tissues in mice at doses of 18-30 mg/kg.