principal

N-Acetylcarnosine (N-Acetyl-L-carnosine) is thought to be able to combat some of the effects of oxidative stress as it has anti-oxidant properties.

Melittin, a small protein containing 26 amino acid residues, is the principal toxic component of bee venom. Melittin is a PLA2 activator, stimulates the activity of the low molecular weight PLA2, while it does not the increase activity of the high molecul

Ac-Endothelin-1 (16-21), human acetate, the principal peptide of the endothelin family, has been shown to have a variety of biological activities in both vascular and nonvascular tissues. The C-terminal fragment, which is a highly conserved sequence in th

Ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) is an analog of sphingomyelin that contains ethanolamine rather than choline as the head group. It is the principal membrane phospholipid in invertebrates such as Drosophila, which lacks sphingomyelin. It is only produced in small amounts in mammalian cells, accounting for approximately 0.02 mol% of total phospholipids in mouse testis and brain. In Drosophila, CPE is biosynthesized by CPE synthase from ceramide and cytidine diphosphate-ethanolamine in the Golgi lumen. In mammals, it is biosynthesized by sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) in the plasma membrane and by sphingomyelin synthase-related protein (SMSr) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In Drosophila, CPE has a role in glial ensheathment of axons. Disrupting CPE synthesis by depleting SMSr in vitro in mammalian cells leads to an accumulation of ER ceramides, which are then mislocalized to the mitochondria, inducing apoptosis. However, ceramide levels are not altered in transgenic mice lacking SMSr catalytic activity. CPEs (bovine) is a mixture of CPEs with variable N-acyl chain lengths.

β-Amyloid (1-40) TFA, a principal protein in plaques observed in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients [1], is pivotal in research focused on this neurodegenerative disorder.

Amylin (IAPP), feline TFA, a 37-amino acid polypeptide derived from felines, is a principal secretion product of the pancreatic islets' β-cells. This regulatory peptide notably inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon [1].

LH-RH (7-10), a tetrapeptide, constitutes a principal degradation product of luteinizing-hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) through the action of the pituitary and hypothalamus. This compound is synthesized in macrophages, as well as type I-like and type II pneumocytes [3].

[Glp5] Substance P (5-11), an octapeptide, is a key fragment of substance P in the rat central nervous system (CNS) and plays a localized role in modulating dopamine release in the rat striatum [1].

(Glu20)-Amyloid β-Protein (1-42) represents a variant of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) that fibrillizes more slowly due to the Glu20 mutation, which diminishes Aβ42's tendency to aggregate and inhibits the accumulation of this slowly fibrillizing peptide. Amyloid β-protein is the principal constituent of amyloid deposits in the vascular system and brain parenchyma in Alzheimer's disease [1] [2].

Aurein 2.2, a principal constituent of L.aurea skin secretions, exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis [1] [2].

WAAG-3R is a bioactive peptide utilized in an ADAMTS-4 (Aggrecanase-1) assay, where aggrecanases, a subset of the ADAMTS (A disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs) family, target aggrecan, a key structural component of cartilage. Notably, ADAMTS-4 is a principal aggrecanase in human osteoarthritic cartilage. The peptide's fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) properties are evidenced by an excitation emission (Ex Em) spectrum of 340 420 nm.

N-Acetylcarnosine acetate (N-Acetyl-L-carnosine acetate), a natural histidine-containing dipeptide, is a source of pharmacological principal L-carnosine. N-Acetylcarnosine is a potent ophthalmic drug in human cataracts

Melittin TFA is a small protein containing 26 amino acid residues, is the principal toxic component of bee venom. Melittin is a PLA2 activator, stimulates the activity of the low molecular weight PLA2, while it does not the increase activity of the high m

Gastrin I (1-14), human, is the 1-14 peptide fragment of human gastrin I, an endogenous gastrointestinal peptide hormone, and is the primary hormonal regulator of gastric acid secretion.

Transferrin is the principal iron-binding protein in animal serum and is analogous in its iron-binding site and properties to lactoferrin1. Human transferrin is a single-chain glycoprotein of molecular weight near 80,000. The molecule is arranged in two l

Transferrin fragment acetate is the principal ironbinding protein in animal serum and is analogous in its iron-binding site and properties to lactoferrin1.