melanoma cell growth

4'-bromo-Resveratrolis a potent inhibitor of the deacetylases sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and 3 (SIRT3)

Sabizabulin (ABI-231) is a potent, orally bioavailable α- and β-tubulin inhibitor that is active against melanoma and prostate cancer cell lines. Sabizabulin inhibits tumor growth and metastatic phenotypes of cervical cancer cells by targeting HPV E6 and E7 and is also being studied in prostate cancer.

ND-322 HCl (ND 322 Hydrochloride) is a selective inhibitor of MT1-MMP and MMP2 and reduces in vitro melanoma cell growth, migration and invasion.

3,4-Dihydroxybenzylamine hydrobromide (NSC-263475 hydrobromide) inhibits DNA polymerase activity in melanoma cells and displays growth inhibitory activity in melanoma cell lines with varying degrees of tyrosinase activity.

EOAI3402143 inhibits Usp9x and Usp24 activity, increases tumor cell apoptosis. EOAI3402143 phenocopies the FAS induction and apoptotic sensitization of Usp5 knockdown and fully blocks melanoma tumor growth.

Mensacarcin, a highly complex polyketide compound, exhibits multifaceted effects on cellular processes. Specifically, it targets mitochondria, perturbs energy metabolism within these organelles, and activates caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways. Functionally, Mensacarcin can serve as a cytotoxic constituent in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Furthermore, this antibiotic compound displays broad-spectrum inhibition of cell growth across various cancer cell lines and demonstrates potent induction of apoptosis in melanoma cells.

Chemically modified tetracyclines (CMTs) can inhibit MMPs, but lack antimicrobial activity. Nonantimicrobial derivative of tetracycline called incyclinide (COL-3, CMT-3). Incyclinide (CMT-3) has been shown to experimentally suppress prostate cancer, colon adenocarcinoma and melanoma invasiveness in cell culture and to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis.

UC-112 is a novel, potent IAP inhibitor that effectively inhibits cell growth in two human melanoma and two human prostate cancer cell lines (IC50=0.7-3.4 uM).

SIJ1777, a derivative of GNF-7, exhibits potent anticancer effects against melanoma cells harboring BRAFI/II/III mutations. The compound significantly inhibits the activation of MEK, ERK, and AKT. Furthermore, SIJ1777 notably induces apoptosis (cell death) and effectively prevents migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth of melanoma cells with BRAFI/II/III mutations.

CHI-KAT8i5 is a selective inhibitor of KAT8 with a KD of 19.72 μM. It induces apoptosis (Apoptosis) in a dose-dependent manner. CHI-KAT8i5 can inhibit tumor growth in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, colon cancer, melanoma, gastric cancer, non-small cell adenocarcinoma, and liver cancer.

SR-2890 is a potent and highly selective casein kinase 1δ/1ε (CK1δ/ε) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 nM for CK1δ. This compound inhibits melanoma A375 cell growth with an EC50 of 38 nM in MTT assays and possesses pharmacokinetic properties suitable for xenograft studies using human cancer cell lines.

GJ19 is a PD-L1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 32.06 nM. It binds effectively to human and mouse PD-L1 proteins, exhibiting KD values of 171 nM and 290 nM, respectively. In a co-culture model of HepG2/hPD-L1 and Jurkat T/hPD-1 cells, GJ19 promotes HepG2 cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. In the B16-F10 melanoma mouse model, GJ19 demonstrates significant tumor growth inhibition. GJ19 is applicable in tumor immunotherapy research.

IKP-104 is a microtubule/tubulin inhibitor (IC50 = 1.31 μM) that halts cells in mitosis and the M phase by inhibiting microtubule assembly and inducing cytoskeleton microtubule depolymerization. It suppresses the growth of both murine and human tumor cell lines, exhibiting antitumor effects in mouse ascites tumor and lung cancer models. IKP-104 is applicable in research on cancers such as leukemia, lung cancer, and melanoma.

NHI-2 is a lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) inhibitor with an IC50 value of 14.7 µM, demonstrating high selectivity for LDHA over LDHB, for which the IC50 is 55.8 µM. NHI-2 functions as an efficient anti-glycolytic agent, enhancing apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest at the S and G2 phases, and exerting broad-spectrum antiproliferative effects in cancer cells. NHI-2 additionally affects extracellular acidification rates and ATP production and has demonstrated tumor growth suppression in murine B78 melanoma models, highlighting its role in cancer metabolism research.

NSC49652 triggers apoptotic cell death dependent on p75NTR and JNK activity in neurons and melanoma cells, and inhibits tumor growth in a melanoma mouse model.

AMG-628 is an effective and ATP-competitive RAF kinase inhibitor. AMG-628 has been shown to inhibit growth and induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in colon and melanoma cell lines with B-RAFV600E mutations.

Cytochalasin D is an actin inhibitor, the removal of actin stress fibers is crucial for the chondrogenic differentiation. It may be an inhibitor of some fertilization processes such as sperm penetration or sperm head decondensation. Cytochalasin D inhibit

Adenosine 5'-methylenediphosphate is an inhibitor of ecto-5'-nucleotidase, also known as CD73, with a Kivalue of 37 nM.1It inhibits cAMP accumulation induced by adenosine 5'-monophosphate , adenosine 5'-diphosphate , or adenosine 5'-triphosphate but not adenosine in VA-13 human fibroblasts when used at a concentration of 100 μM. Adenosine 5'-methylenediphosphate reduces proliferation of U138MG glioma cells, as well as inhibits the invasion and migration of MHCC97H hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells in a migration assay.2,3It increases tumor infiltration of CD3+CD8+T cells and reduces tumor growth in a K1735 murine melanoma model when administered at a dose of 400 μg/mouse.4 1.Bruns, R.F.Adenosine receptor activation by adenine nucleotides requires conversion of the nucleotides to adenosineNaunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol.315(1)5-13(1980) 2.Braganhol, E., Tamajusuku, A.S.K., Bernardi, A., et al.Ecto-5′-nucleotidase/CD73 inhibition by quercetin in the human U138MG glioma cell lineBiochim. Biophys. Acta1770(9)1352-1359(2007) 3.Shali, S., Yu, J., Zhang, X., et al.Ecto\5′\nucleotidase (CD73) is a potential target of hepatocellular carcinomaJ. Cell Physiol.234(7)10248-10259(2018) 4.Forte, G., Sorrentino, R., Montinaro, A., et al.Inhibition of CD73 improves B cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity in a mouse model of melanomaJ. Immunol.189(5)2226-2233(2021)

Ajoene is a disulfide that has been found inA. sativumand has diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, anticancer, antiplatelet, and antioxidant properties.1,2,3,4It is active against Gram-positive (MICs = 5-160 µg/ml) and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 136-200 µg/ml), as well as yeasts (MICs = 10-20 µg/ml).1Ajoene is cytotoxic to mouse melanoma cells (IC50= 18 µM), as well as human colon, lung, mammary, and pancreatic cancer cells (IC50s = 7-41 µM).2It reduces tumor growth in a B16/BL6 mouse model of melanoma when administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg every other day and decreases the number of lung metastases when administered prior to tumor cell inoculation at doses ranging from 1-25 mg/kg. It inhibits ADP- or collagen-induced platelet aggregation in isolated baboon platelets when used at concentrations ranging from 75 to 150 µg/ml and in platelet-rich plasma isolated from baboons when administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg.3Ajoene (25 mg/kg) prevents thrombus formation on damaged arterial walls in heparinized pigs in anin situmodel of thrombogenesis.5It also reduces high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, histopathological markers of liver damage, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation, and protein oxidation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).4 1.Naganawa, R., Iwata, N., Ishikawa, K., et al.Inhibition of microbial growth by ajoene, a sulfur-containing compound derived from garlicAppl. Environ. Microbiol.62(11)4238-4242(1996) 2.Taylor, P., Noriega, R., Farah, C., et al.Ajoene inhibits both primary tumor growth and metastasis of B16/BL6 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 miceCancer Lett.239(2)298-304(2006) 3.Teranishi, K., Apitz-Castro, R., Robson, S.C., et al.Inhibition of baboon platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo by the garlic derivative, ajoeneXenotransplantation10(4)374-379(2003) 4.Han, C.Y., Ki, S.H., Kim, Y.W., et al.Ajoene, a stable garlic by-product, inhibits high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and oxidative injury through LKB1-dependent AMPK activationAntioxid. Redox Signal.14(2)187-202(2011) 5.Apitz-Castro, R., Badimon, J.J., and Badimon, L.A garlic derivative, ajoene, inhibits platelet deposition on severely damaged vessel wall in an in vivo porcine experimental modelThromb. Res.75(3)243-249(1994)

DMU-212 is a methylated derivative of resveratrol with antimitotic, anti-proliferative, antioxidant, and apoptosis-promoting activities. It induces mitotic arrest, apoptosis, and activation of ERK1/2 protein and has oral activity[1][2]. DMU-212 (0.3125-40 μM) inhibits the growth of human melanoma cells (A375, MeWo, Bro, M5)[1]. At concentrations of 30-50 μM over 24 hours, it upregulates cell cycle inhibitors, induces apoptosis, and activates ERK in A375 cells[1]. DMU-212 also induces G2/M arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells[1]. In a xenograft model of human ovarian cancer with six-week-old SCID female mice (20-24 g), DMU-212 (50 mg/kg, administered orally three times a week for 14 days) inhibits tumor growth[2]. [1]. Vasilis Pericles Androutsopoulos, et al. Activation of ERK1/2 is required for the antimitotic activity of the resveratrol analogue 3,4,5,4'-tetramethoxystilbene (DMU-212) in human melanoma cells. Exp Dermatol. 2015 Aug;24(8):632-4. [2]. Hanna Piotrowska, et al. DMU-212 inhibits tumor growth in xenograft model of human ovarian cancer. Biomed Pharmacother. 2014 May;68(4):397-400.

Chromomycin A2 is an aureolic acid that has been found in several marine actinomycetes and has antibacterial and anticancer activities. Chromomycin A2 inhibits the growth of B. subtilis in an agar diffusion assay. It also inhibits the growth of human SGC7901 gastric cancer, HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma, A549 lung epithelial adenocarcinoma, HCT116 colon cancer, and COC1 ovarian cancer cells, as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs; IC50s = 4, 0.5, 3, 5, 5, and 8 nM, respectively). Chromomycin A2 (30 nM) halts the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase and increases the protein levels of LC3A and LC3B in MALME-3M melanoma cells, indicating that it induces autophagy. It also increases the levels and promoter activity of the autophagic proteins ATG7 and ATG10 and reduces cell viability to 50% in human SCC-11 squamous cell carcinoma cells when used at a concentration of 30 nM.

BX-320 is an inhibitor of the serine/threonine kinase 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1; IC50= 30 nM).1It is selective for PDK1 over a panel of 10 additional kinases (IC50s = >820 nM for all). BX-320 inhibits Akt and p70S6K1 phosphorylation in PC3 cells (IC50s = 1-3 μM). It induces apoptosis in, and inhibits the growth of, MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells (IC50s = 0.5 and 0.6 μM, respectively), as well as inhibits cell growth in a panel of cancer cells (IC50s = 0.12-1.2 μM). BX-320 (200 mg/kg) inhibits the growth of lung tumors in a LOX melanoma mouse model of blood-borne metastasis. 1.Feldman, R.I., Wu, J.M., Polokoff, M.A., et al.Novel small molecule inhibitors of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1J. Biol. Chem.280(20)19867-19874(2005)

ACA-28 is an ERK MAPK signalling modulator that induces apoptosis in melanoma cells by overexpressing ERK. Its IC₅₀ values for melanoma cells (SK-MEL-28) and normal melanocytes (NHEM) are 5.3 and 10.1 μM respectively.

AMG-628, (S)-, is the S isomer of AMG-628 --- a potent, ATP-competitive inhibitor of Raf kinases. AMG-628 displays selectivity for Raf kinases and inhibits activation of tyrosine protein kinases such as VEGFR2, Lyn, Flt1 and Fms. AMG-628 has shown to inhibit growth, and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in colon and melanoma cell lines with the B-RafV600E mutation.