liver

Tamoxifen is an orally active selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that acts as an estrogen antagonist in breast cells and an agonist in bone, liver, and uterine cells. It can be used to induce gene knockout and liver injury models in mice, and also exhibits multiple biological activities, including activation of Hsp90, induction of autophagy and apoptosis, and inhibition of EBOV and MARV viral infections.

D(+)-Galactosamine hydrochloride is a well-established experimental toxin that induces liver injury primarily by generating free radicals and depleting UTP nucleotides, and it can be used to establish lipopolysaccharide D-Galactosamine-induced hepatitis or acute liver injury models.

Tamoxifen Citrate is an orally active selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that blocks estrogen activity in breast cells while activating estrogen signaling in cells such as those of the bone, liver, and uterus. As an Hsp90 activator, it enhances the ATPase activity of the Hsp90 chaperone complex, induces autophagy and apoptosis, and can be used to generate gene knockout models in CreER(T2) transgenic mice as well as liver injury models.

Chrysene is a high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with strong persistence and carcinogenicity. It is commonly used for establishing liver cancer models.

Tacrolimus (FK506, Fujimycin) is a macrolide immunosuppressant that binds to FKBP12 to form a high-affinity complex (Ki = 0.2 nM), which inhibits calcineurin phosphatase activity, thereby suppressing T lymphocyte signal transduction and the transcription and release of IL-2. It exerts potent immunosuppressive effects and can be used to induce immunosuppression models.

Monocrotaline is an 11-membered macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid extracted from the seeds of Crotalaria plants. It inhibits organic cation transporters OCT-1 and OCT-2, with IC50 values of 36.8 µM and 1.8 mM, respectively. Monocrotaline exhibits antitumor activity and shows certain cytotoxicity against liver cancer cells such as HepG2. It is also commonly used to induce pulmonary arterial hypertension models in rodents.

Thioacetamide (TAA) is an indirect hepatotoxin commonly used to induce experimental liver injury. It is metabolized by CYP2E1 into reactive metabolites that covalently bind to proteins and lipids, leading to oxidative stress and centrilobular necrosis, hepatocyte death, and M1 M2 macrophage-dominated inflammation. TAA is widely used to establish models of chronic liver fibrosis, hepatic encephalopathy, and liver cancer.

N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) is a carcinogenic dialkylnitrosamine commonly found in water, tobacco smoke, cheddar cheese, pickled foods, fried foods, and various alcoholic beverages; it is associated with alterations in nucleases involved in DNA repair and replication, targets organs such as the nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, esophagus, and liver to induce tumors in animals, and is most commonly used to induce liver cancer models.

Acifluorfen is a protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor herbicide that promotes the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX. It induces liver tumors, liver injury, and cardiac dysfunction in rodents, and causes severe photooxidative damage to pigments and lipids in susceptible plants. It can be used to induce hepatitis and pancreatitis.

N-Nitrosomorpholine is a light-sensitive nitrosamine with strong carcinogenicity in animals and is commonly used to induce liver cancer models.

Adenine hemisulfate is a purine-based nucleobase and an essential chemical component of DNA and RNA. It plays a key role in cellular respiration, the formation of ATP and coenzymes such as NAD and FAD, as well as in protein synthesis. It is commonly used to induce animal models of chronic liver and kidney injury and hyperuricemia.

Sodium taurocholate is a biologically active compound that can inhibit bile duct injury induced by hepatic artery ligation by upregulating VEGF-A expression. It also exhibits immunomodulatory effects and can be used to induce pancreatitis models.

DMBA (7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene) is a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that can be used to induce animal models of leukemia, liver cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer, and lung cancer. It is also capable of inducing programmed cell death (apoptosis) in A20.1 murine B-cell lymphoma.

Fulvine is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from the seeds of Crotalaria fulva, exhibiting hepatotoxicity. It can be used to induce hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease in animal models and is commonly employed to establish liver and lung injury models.

Glycerol is an important component of triglycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids. It is widely used in the food industry as a sweetener, humectant, and in pharmaceutical formulations. Additionally, glycerol is used in sample preparation and gel formation for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and can be employed to induce acute kidney injury models.

Ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) is a highly active compound formed by the complexation of iron and nitrilotriacetic acid. It is primarily used to induce degenerative diseases through oxidative stress (OS) and can be applied to establish disease models such as acute kidney injury, renal cell carcinoma, liver cancer, and diabetes.

Methyl yellow (Solvent Yellow 2) is a pH indicator that appears red at pH values below 4.0 and turns yellow above 4.0, and can be used to establish liver cancer models.

Dimethylnitrosamine (NDMA) is a potent hepatotoxin, carcinogen, and mutagen, and is commonly used to establish liver tumor models.

8-Epidiosbulbin E acetate is a abundant furan compound found in Dioscorea bulbifera L., exhibiting broad-spectrum plasmid elimination activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria, and can be used to induce liver injury models in mice.