immune-modulating

Chloroquine is a Toll-like receptor inhibitor that inhibits autophagy. Chloroquine has anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activity and is widely used in the treatment of malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) activity and anti-HIV-1 activity.

Chloroquine phosphate (Aralen phosphate) is an aminoquinoline antimalarial and also is widely used as an autophagy inhibitor. Chloroquine also is an inhibitor of toll-like receptors (TLRs).

Laminaran is a β-1,3-glucan isolated from brown algae, often serving as a typical ligand for Dectin-1. It possesses anti-cancer, immune-modulating, and radiation-protective properties. Laminaran can be catalyzed by glucanase. In in vitro and in vivo experiments, Laminaran has demonstrated anti-tumor activity and may be used for severe cancers.

Fucoidan is found in various species of brown seaweed and algae,with anticancer, antiviral, neuroprotective, immune-modulating.

Norcholic Acid (Nor Cholic Acid) is a bile acid that promotes tumor progression and immune escape by modulating the farnesol X receptor in hepatocellular carcinoma.Norcholic Acid is efficiently absorbed from the intestine and is rapidly secreted into the bile.

1. Cucurbitacin IIb is one of the major active compounds in Hemsleyadine tablets which have been used for clinical treatment of bacillary dysentery, enteritis and acute tonsilitis. 2. Cucurbitacin IIb exhibits its anti-inflammatory activity through modula

Soyacerebroside II exhibits ionophoretic activity for Ca2+ ion. Soyacerebrosides I and II have modulating the cellular immune response effects, they show obvious inhibitory activity on IL-18 secretion in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).

Cyclocurcumin is a minor curcuminoid derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa that differs structurally from curcumin despite sharing the same molecular formula (C21H20O6), Cyclocurcumin features an α,β-unsaturated dihydropyranone moiety that drives trans–cis photoisomerization instead of the diketone/keto–enol tautomerism characteristic of curcumin. Cyclocurcumin demonstrates potent biochemical activities, including selective inhibition of human aromatase (CYP19A1) with an IC50 of 4.43 μM—approximately fivefold stronger than curcumin—making it valuable for studying estrogen-related pathways, and uniquely stimulates melanogenesis and melanin export in both melanocyte and melanoma models, positioning it as a promising research tool for investigating hypopigmentary skin disorders.