electron transport chain

Idebenone (CV-2619) is a synthetic analogue of ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q10), a vital cell antioxidant and essential component of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC).

Metamitron is a photosynthetic electron transport chain inhibitor and can be used as a chemical thinner.

Hexaflumuron is a chitin synthesis inhibitor used to bait and eliminate termite colonies. Termites are unable to metabolize hexaflumuron and clearance is slow, resulting in up to 100% elimination. Hexaflumuron has also been tested for use with the raisin

Malonic acid (propanedioic acid) is the archetypal example of a competitive inhibitor: it acts against succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the respiratory electron transport chain. Malonic acid is found to be associated with malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Ammonium formate (Formic acid ammonium salt) is the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism. It is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase activity, the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Cell death from cytochrome oxidase inhibition by formate is believed to result partly from depletion of ATP, reducing energy concentrations so that essential cell functions cannot be maintained. Furthermore, inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by formate may also cause cell death by increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) secondary to the blockade of the electron transport chain.

DX3-234 is a potent oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor that acts by inhibiting complex I in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), leading to intracellular ATP depletion and cell death, and can be used for the treatment of specific cancers dependent on aerobic metabolism, such as pancreatic cancer.

IACS-010759 is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of complex I of oxidative phosphorylation of the mitochondrial electron transport chain.

MitoTam bromide hydrobromide is an electron transport chain (ETC) inhibitor.

MS-L6(Agn-PC-0N3ahi, NSC34338) is a potent inhibitor of OXPHOS, targeting the electron transport chain complex I (ETC-I). It inhibits NADH oxidation and decoupling on the respiratory chain, exhibiting strong antitumor efficacy.

Kalkitoxin, a toxin sourced from the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula, is known for causing neuronal necrosis through NMDA receptor mediation, blocking voltage-dependent sodium channels, and inducing cellular hypoxia by inhibiting complex 1 of the electron transport chain (ETC).

SHO1122147 (Compound 7m) disrupts the mitochondrial electron transport chain, demonstrating mitochondrial uncoupling activity (EC50=3.6 μM). It increases the cellular oxygen consumption rate (OCR=69%) and enhances cellular respiration. Additionally, SHO1122147 is orally active and can be utilized in research related to obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH).

Hexazinone is a broad-spectrum herbicide from the triazine family. Hexazinone inhibits photosynthesis through binding to the D-1 quinone protein of the electron transport chain in photosystem II.

Oligomycin is an antifungal antibiotic that is an inhibitor of H+-ATP synthetase. The Oligomycin blocks oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain. Oligomycin inhibited HIF-1alpha expression in hypoxic tumor cells.

GSK 932121 is a potent antimalarial agent. GSK 932121 inhibits selectively the electron-transport chain in P. falciparum at the cytochrome bc1 level (complex III).

Plastoquinone is a polyunsaturated side-chain quinone derivative which is an important link in the electron transport chain of green plants during the photosynthetic conversion of light energy by photophosphorylation into the potential energy of chemical

Coenzyme Q10 is a component of the electron transport chain and participates in aerobic cellular respiration, generating energy in the form of ATP. In its reduced form, it acts as an antioxidant. Coenzyme Q2 is a precursor of coenzyme Q10 that has 2, rather than 10, isoprenoid units on the ubiquinone base. It can act as an electron acceptor for bacterial Complex I. In mammalian cells, exogenous coenzyme Q2 prevents the production of reactive oxygen species associated with Complex I activity. Forms of coenzyme Q with shorter isoprenoid chains, including coenzyme Q2, induce p53-dependent apoptosis in human B-cell acute lymphoblastoid leukemia BALL-1 cells.

Menaquinone 9 (MK-9) is a vitamin K2 analog that has been found in various bacteria, including E. coli. MK-9 is UV-sensitive and binds to soluble nitrate reductase, a component of the bacterial electron transport chain. In vivo, MK-9 increases plasma prothrombin concentration in vitamin K-deficient rats.

Antimycin A4 is an active component of the antimycin A antibiotic complex that is more polar than antimycin A1 , antimycin A2 , and antimycin A3 . Antimycin A4 inhibits ATP-citrate lyase with a Ki value of 64.8 μM. The antimycin A complex is a mixture of antimycins A1, A2, A3, and A4 that demonstrates antifungal, insecticidal, nematocidal, and piscicidal properties. It blocks mitochondrial respiration and can deplete cellular levels of ATP via inhibition of complex III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Antimycin A prevents the transfer of electrons between the b-cytochromes and ubiquinone at the Q(inner) site of complex III. This results in the stabilization of the ubisemiquinone radical at the Q(outer) site of complex III, leading to increased production of superoxide. Antimycin A is widely used in research to shunt electron flow through the ETC to study the chemical details of oxygen respiration. Additionally, antimycin A has been shown to inhibit Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins, inducing apoptosis.

2-Aminoimidazole is a potent antimicrobial agent that effectively targets drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by disrupting the proton motive force and blocking the electron transport chain, potentiates the action of beta-lactam antibiotics against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by decreasing the secretion of beta-lactamases and increasing the permeability of cell membranes, activates drug-resistant bacteria and improves therapeutic efficacy.

Coenzyme Q9 (Ubiquinone 9) (CoQ9) is a normal constituent of human plasma. CoQ9 in human plasma may originate as a product of incomplete CoQ10 biosynthesis or from the diet.

HQNO is a natural product isolated from P. aeruginosa,and is a potent inhibitor of electron transport chain(Kd of 64 nM for complex III). It also is a potent mitochondrial NDH-2 inhibitorin many species.

Menaquinone-9-d7 is a deuterated compound of Menaquinone-9. Menaquinone-9 has a CAS number of 523-39-7. Menaquinone 9 (MK-9) is a vitamin K2 analog that has been found in various bacteria, including E. coli. MK-9 is UV-sensitive and binds to soluble nitrate reductase, a component of the bacterial electron transport chain. In vivo, MK-9 increases plasma prothrombin concentration in vitamin K-deficient rats

Lasiodiplodin may have potential anti-inflammatory activity, it shows moderate suppression effects on induced NO production. Lasiodiplodin inhibits electron transport chain.