electron transport chain

Hexaflumuron is a chitin synthesis inhibitor used to bait and eliminate termite colonies. Termites are unable to metabolize hexaflumuron and clearance is slow, resulting in up to 100% elimination. Hexaflumuron has also been tested for use with the raisin

Hexazinone is a broad-spectrum herbicide from the triazine family. Hexazinone inhibits photosynthesis through binding to the D-1 quinone protein of the electron transport chain in photosystem II.

Metamitron is a photosynthetic electron transport chain inhibitor and can be used as a chemical thinner.

Rotenone is a natural plant-derived insecticide that acts as an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I. It promotes the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, induces apoptosis, and is commonly used to establish Parkinson's disease models.

Idebenone (CV-2619) is a synthetic analogue of ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q10), a vital cell antioxidant and essential component of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC).

Metribuzin (4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5 (4H)-one) is a selective triazinone herbicide applied in both pre- and post-emergence agricultural practices for the control of weeds in a variety of crops including soybeans, potatoes, tomatoes, and sugar cane, which functions by inhibiting the photosynthetic process through the specific disruption of the electron transport chain within photosystem II, and its extensive use has resulted in its classification as a persistent environmental contaminant frequently detected in groundwater sources.

2-Aminoimidazole is a potent antimicrobial agent that effectively targets drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by disrupting the proton motive force and blocking the electron transport chain, potentiates the action of beta-lactam antibiotics against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by decreasing the secretion of beta-lactamases and increasing the permeability of cell membranes, activates drug-resistant bacteria and improves therapeutic efficacy.

Malonic acid (propanedioic acid) is the archetypal example of a competitive inhibitor: it acts against succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the respiratory electron transport chain. Malonic acid is found to be associated with malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Ammonium formate (Formic acid ammonium salt) is the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism. It is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase activity, the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Cell death from cytochrome oxidase inhibition by formate is believed to result partly from depletion of ATP, reducing energy concentrations so that essential cell functions cannot be maintained. Furthermore, inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by formate may also cause cell death by increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) secondary to the blockade of the electron transport chain.

DX3-234 is a potent oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor that acts by inhibiting complex I in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), leading to intracellular ATP depletion and cell death, and can be used for the treatment of specific cancers dependent on aerobic metabolism, such as pancreatic cancer.

MitoTam bromide hydrobromide is an electron transport chain (ETC) inhibitor.

MS-L6(Agn-PC-0N3ahi, NSC34338) is a potent inhibitor of OXPHOS, targeting the electron transport chain complex I (ETC-I). It inhibits NADH oxidation and decoupling on the respiratory chain, exhibiting strong antitumor efficacy.

Kalkitoxin, a toxin sourced from the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula, is known for causing neuronal necrosis through NMDA receptor mediation, blocking voltage-dependent sodium channels, and inducing cellular hypoxia by inhibiting complex 1 of the electron transport chain (ETC).

SHO1122147 (Compound 7m) disrupts the mitochondrial electron transport chain, demonstrating mitochondrial uncoupling activity (EC50=3.6 μM). It increases the cellular oxygen consumption rate (OCR=69%) and enhances cellular respiration. Additionally, SHO1122147 is orally active and can be utilized in research related to obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH).

Antimycobacterial agent-5 (compound 27) is an imidazopyridine amide compound that targets the Mycobacterium electron transport chain (ETC) respiratory CIII2CIV2 supercomplex. It acts on Mycobacterium smegmatis CIII2CIV2 with an IC50 of 441 nM.

Antitrypanosomal agent 26 (Compound 1) is an allosteric inhibitor of trypanosome alternative oxidase (TAO). It exhibits potent activity against African trypanosomes, such as Trypanosoma brucei, with an IC50 value of 1.3 nM for recombinant TAO. The compound disrupts the mitochondrial electron transport chain of trypanosomes and inhibits glucose-dependent respiration. Antitrypanosomal agent 26 shows potential for research in treating African animal trypanosomiasis, including bovine trypanosomiasis.

Antitubercular agent-52 (Compound 7k) is a chemical compound that acts as an antitubercular agent targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). It specifically inhibits the bacterium's cytochrome bcc (cyt-bcc) electron transport chain and also affects cytochrome bd (cyt-bd). By disrupting a crucial energy metabolism pathway in Mtb, Antitubercular agent-52 impedes electron transport and ATP production, showing potential for use in tuberculosis research.

Gamhepathiopine is a compound belonging to the thiopheno[3,2-d]pyrimidinone class. It exhibits antimalarial activity by targeting the Qo site of Plasmodium falciparum cytochrome b and inhibiting the Complex III activity in the electron transport chain.

(E/Z)-MitoTam (iodide, hydriodide) is a mixture of E/Z isomers of MitoTam iodide, hydriodide. This compound, a derivative of tamoxifen, acts as an electron transport chain (ETC) inhibitor, preventing changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and affecting mitochondrial morphology in aging cells. It is an effective anticancer agent, impeding the formation of respiratory complex I (CI- respiration) and supercomplexes (SCs) in breast cancer cells, and can induce apoptosis (apoptosis).

Oligomycin is a macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces. Oligomycin is commonly used to study mitochondrial function and cellular energy metabolism and has antifungal and antitumor activities.

GSK 932121 is a potent antimalarial agent. GSK 932121 inhibits selectively the electron-transport chain in P. falciparum at the cytochrome bc1 level (complex III).

Plastoquinone is a polyunsaturated side-chain quinone derivative which is an important link in the electron transport chain of green plants during the photosynthetic conversion of light energy by photophosphorylation into the potential energy of chemical

Coenzyme Q10 is a component of the electron transport chain and participates in aerobic cellular respiration, generating energy in the form of ATP. In its reduced form, it acts as an antioxidant. Coenzyme Q2 is a precursor of coenzyme Q10 that has 2, rather than 10, isoprenoid units on the ubiquinone base. It can act as an electron acceptor for bacterial Complex I. In mammalian cells, exogenous coenzyme Q2 prevents the production of reactive oxygen species associated with Complex I activity. Forms of coenzyme Q with shorter isoprenoid chains, including coenzyme Q2, induce p53-dependent apoptosis in human B-cell acute lymphoblastoid leukemia BALL-1 cells.

Menaquinone 9 (MK-9) is a vitamin K2 analog that has been found in various bacteria, including E. coli. MK-9 is UV-sensitive and binds to soluble nitrate reductase, a component of the bacterial electron transport chain. In vivo, MK-9 increases plasma prothrombin concentration in vitamin K-deficient rats.