biological systems

G36 is a cell-permeable non-steroidal antagonist of GPER. G36 inhibits activation by either 17β-estradiol or the GPER-selective agonist G-1 (IC50 = 112 and 165 nM, respectively). G36 has no detectable binding activity to either ERα or ERβ. G36 blocks the activation of PI3K or calcium mobilization triggered by estrogen through GPER and it suppresses ERK activation by estrogen or G-1 but not by EGF. G-36 can be used in combination with GPER-selective agonists, like G-1, to distinguish the roles of GPER from those of ERα and ERβ in complex biological systems.

(S)-Coriolic acid (13(S)-HODE) is an important intracellular signaling agent generated by the reaction of linoleic acid with plant and mammalian lipoxygenases. It is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation in various biological systems and inhibits the adhesion of tumor cells to the vascular endothelium, while down-regulating IRGpIIb IIIa receptor expression at around 1 μM. Additionally, (S)-Coriolic acid is a metabolite of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) and often acts as an endogenous ligand to activate PPARγ. It induces mitochondrial dysfunction and airway epithelial damage.

Cefodizime is a new cephalosporin antibiotic with a wide range of biological activities.Cefodizime is non-toxic to the kidneys and is well tolerated with immunomodulatory activity.Cefodizime has antimicrobial activity and is used in the study of serious infections of the respiratory and urinary systems.

D-Glucose 6-phosphate disodium salt is a compound widely present in biological systems. It is a molecule formed when glucose undergoes phosphorylation at the 6th carbon. This compound participates in various metabolic regulatory pathways within the body, including the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis.

DMPO (5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide) is a kind of water-soluble nitric oxide spin trap, which allows the measurement of oxygen-centered free radicals in biological systems at room temperature using electron spin resonance. It has a high reaction rate constant for superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and distinguishes simultaneously among a variety of important biologically generated free radicals.

(+)-Catechin Hydrate is an antioxidant flavonoid of plant origin; a free radical scavenger, preventing free radical-mediated damage in a variety of biological systems.

Thiamine pyrophosphate (Cocarboxylase) is a vitamin B-1 derivative that acts as a coenzyme of transketolase. Thiamine pyrophosphate is used in studies to assess decarboxylation mechanisms in biological systems.

L-Cysteic acid monohydrate (3-Sulfo-L-alanine Monohydrate) is an oxidation product of L-cysteine that may be used as a competitive inhibitor of the bacterial aspartate: alanine antiporter (AspT) exchange of aspartate and in other aspartate biological systems. L-Cysteic acid monohydrate is used in monomeric surfactant development. L-Cysteic acid monohydrate may be used in studies of excitatory amino acids in the brain, such as those that bind to cysteine sulfinic acid receptors. It is a useful agonist at several rat metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs).

8-Amino-1-Naphthalenesulfonic Acid is a naphthalene derivative used as a fluorescent dye and as a reagent in organic synthesis. It is a highly fluorescent compound with a high Stokes shift, making it an ideal fluorescent marker for a wide range of biological systems.

U 19963 is a potent inhibitor of several enzymes and receptors and has been used to study the effects of drugs on biological systems. It has been found to possess a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and antibacterial properties.

NSC 404988 is a benzamide-based bioactive compound used in the synthesis of compounds and the preparation of drugs, and has also been used in the study of drug metabolism and the analysis of metabolites in biological systems.

Calcimycin (A-23187) is an ionophorous, polyether carboxylic antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports calcium and other divalent cations across membranes, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, and inhibits ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is primarily used as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.

Pi-Methylimidazoleacetic acid, considered a potential neurotoxin, targets the nervous system and may pose significant health risks when absorbed or metabolized within biological systems.

KB02-JQ1 is a potent and specific proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) that specifically degrades BRD4, acting as a molecular glue. It does not degrade BRD2 or BRD3. The mechanism of action involves covalent modification of the E3 ligase DCAF16, thereby promoting BRD4 degradation. Importantly, KB02-JQ1 demonstrates enhanced stability and durability in facilitating protein degradation within biological systems. The compound forms a complex with the ubiquitin E3 ligase ligand KB02 through a linker, resulting in the formation of KB02-JQ1[1].

KB02-SLF is a PROTAC-based nuclear FKBP12 degrader, also known as a molecular glue, that facilitates the degradation of nuclear FKBP12 by covalently modifying DCAF16, an E3 ligase. SLF acts as a linker, binding to the ubiquitin E3 ligase ligand KB02, thus forming KB02-SLF[1] and enhancing the longevity of protein degradation in biological systems.

Erythropterin, a Pterin derivative, is a heterocyclic compound commonly found in biological systems.

Porphine (Porphyrin), the parent compound of the porphyrin family, plays a crucial role within biological systems.

Lead Ionophore IV, an ion carrier, actively facilitates the transport of metal ions. It is commonly utilized in biological research to investigate the biological effects of lead ions and their impact on cellular functions. Additionally, Lead Ionophore IV is employed in developing drug delivery systems to enhance the bioavailability of compounds.

A 78773 is a potent, selective, direct, and reversible 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. It has activity in a variety of purified cells and in more complex biological systems such as whole blood, lung fragments, and tracheal tissues. A 78773 acts against inflamma

(±)12-HEPE is produced by non-enzymatic oxidation of EPA, resulting in equal amounts of 12(S)-HEPE and 12(R)-HEPE. The biological activity of (±)12-HEPE is likely mediated by one of the individual isomers, primarily the 12(S) isomer in mammalian systems. 12-HEPE inhibits platelet aggregation with an IC50 of 24 μM, similar to 12-HETE (IC50 = 25 μM), and both compounds also inhibit U46619-induced contraction of rat aorta with IC50 values between 8.6-8.8 μM. [1][2]

Sulfatides are endogenous sulfoglycolipids with various biological activities in the central and peripheral nervous systems, pancreas, and immune system. They are produced from the combination of ceramide and UDP-galactose in the endoplasmic reticulum followed by sulfation in the Golgi apparatus. The ceramide portion contains variable fatty acid chain lengths, which are tissue- and pathology-dependent. Sulfatides are primarily found in the myelin sheath of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, with smaller chain lengths predominant during development and longer chain lengths predominant in mature cells. They accumulate in the lysosome of patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a disorder characterized by arylsulfatase A deficiency. Sulfatides are also located in pancreatic β-cells and inhibit insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islet cells, suggesting a potential role in diabetes. Sulfatides can induce inflammation in glia in vitro and certain sulfatides, such as C24:1 3'-sulfo-galactosylceramide, can induce an immune response in vitro in mouse splenocytes. Sulfatides (bovine) (sodium salt) is a mixture of isolated bovine sulfatides.

DEPMPO (5-(Diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) is a spin trapping agent in biological systems and can be used to detect free radicals in lipid phases.