ros generation

Lorlatinib (PF-6463922) is an orally available, ATP-competitive inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and C-ros oncogene 1 (Ros1), with potential antineoplastic activity.

Lawsone methyl ether (2-Methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) induces apoptosis in A549 cells independently of cell cycle arrest, mediated by JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. These pathways are activated due to oxidative DNA damage from increased ROS generation in MNQ-treated A549 cells.

Bifenthrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide.Bifenthrin induces cell death in bovine mammary epithelial cells through ROS generation, disruption of calcium homeostasis, and alteration of the MAPK signaling cascade.Bifenthrin induces apoptosis by inducing cell-cycle arrest.

1. Berberine (Umbellatine) is a potent oral hypoglycemic agent with beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. 2. Berberine may as a broad-spectrum anti-microbial medicine, a complementary therapeutic agent for HIV AIDS. 3. Berberine seems to act as an herbal antidepressant and a neuroprotector against neurodegenerative disorders. 4. Berberine is used in histology for staining heparin in mast cells. As a natural dye, berberine has a colour index of 7516. 5. Berberine reduces hepatic fat content in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; also prevents proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are central for the development of fibrosis during liver injury. 6. Berberine can ameliorate proinflammatory cytokines-induced intestinal epithelial tight junction damage in vitro, and berberine may be one of the targeted therapeutic agents that can restore barrier function in intestinal disease states. 7. Berberine has antineoplastic effects, including breast cancer, leukemia, melanoma, epidermoid carcinoma, hepatoma, pancreatic cancer, oral carcinoma, tongue carcinoma, glioblastoma, prostate carcinoma and gastric carcinoma, etc.

W-54011 is a potent non-peptide C5a receptor antagonist. W-54011 inhibits the binding of 125I-labeled C5a to human neutrophils (Ki: 2.2 nM). W-54011 inhibits C5a-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, chemotaxis, and generation of ROS in human neutrophi

1. Flavokawain B (Flavokavain B) has potent anti-inflammatory activity, can significantly inhibit production of NO and PGE2 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. 2. Flavokawain B, the hepatotoxic constituent from kava root, induces GSH-sensitive oxidative stress through modulation of IKK NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 3. Flavokawain B induces apoptosis, has the potential usefulness of FKB for prevention and treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer in an adjuvant setting. 4. Flavokawain B acts through ROS generation and GADD153 up-regulation to regulate the expression of Bcl-2 family members, thereby inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in HCT116 cells.

Bixin is isolated from the seeds of Bixa orellana and possesses anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Bixin treatment ameliorated cardiac dysfunction through inhibiting fibrosis, inflammation, and ROS generation.

Succinyl phosphonate is a selective α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDHC ) and OGDHC inhibitor that inhibits α-ketoglutarate oxidative decarboxylation. Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt inhibits glutamate-induced ROS generation in glutamate-stimulated hippocampal neurons and can be used to study neurodegenerative diseases.

Huangjiangsu A has hepatoprotective potential against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and ROS generation and could be promising as potential therapeutic agents for liver diseases. Huangjiangsu A is isolated from D. villosa.

Berberine chloride hydrate (Natural Yellow 18 chloride hydrate) is an alkaloid with antibiotic properties, antitumor activity, and the ability to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibit DNA topoisomerase.

CC15009 is a potent inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), demonstrating an IC50 value of 0.237 nM. It effectively inhibits the oxidative subtype of XOR, thereby reducing the generation of the byproduct ROS and exhibiting antioxidant activity. CC15009 has shown a favorable dose-dependent uric acid-lowering effect in two different XOR substrate-induced hyperuricemia mouse models.

NQO2-IN-1, a resveratrol analog, is a potent quinone oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2) inhibitor (IC50=95 nM) with antitumor potential through the generation of ROS and up-regulation of DR5 (death receptor 5) to reverse trial resistance and promote apoptosis.

Antibacterialagent 119 (Compound 21 g) is a potential antibacterial agent effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of less than 1 μg mL against tested strains. It induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and disrupts bacterial cell membranes, causing their rupture. Antibacterialagent 119 exhibits strong antimicrobial activity, low cytotoxicity, rapid bactericidal action, and favorable in vivo antibacterial efficacy.

PB01 is a DPP-4 inhibitor with an IC50 of 15.66 nM. It effectively suppresses high glucose-induced ROS generation and mitochondrial superoxide production while significantly reducing the cellular expression of DPP-4. Additionally, PB01 notably lowers blood glucose levels in diabetic mice. It demonstrates excellent safety, exhibiting almost no cytotoxicity at a concentration of 100 μM. PB01 holds promise for research in the diabetes field.

ROS-ERS inducer 2 (Complex 3f) promotes the generation of intracellular ROS, affects mitochondrial function, facilitates the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), induces immunogenic cell death (ICD), and activates endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). It plays a significant role in anti-hepatocellular carcinoma research.

C12-rrw-NH2 (Compound Lip7) is an antimicrobial agent effective against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly demonstrating significant activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It induces bacterial cell death by depolarizing the bacterial cell membrane, disrupting membrane integrity, causing nucleic acid and protein leakage, and promoting the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). C12-rrw-NH2 is applicable in research focused on developing highly stable antimicrobial peptides.

Alpha-Boswellic acid (α-Boswellic acid) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid natural product extracted from frankincense, exhibiting anticonvulsant and anticancer effects, and in animals, it prevents and reduces Alzheimer's disease markers, making it valuable for Alzheimer's disease research.

Elsinochrome A is a natural perylenequinone photosensitizer with antifungal activity, inducing apoptosis and autophagy through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation upon photoactivation, involved in photodynamic therapy (PDT).

6-Formylpterin (Pterin-6-aldehyde) is an inhibitor of Xanthine Oxidase (Ki ~0.6 nM) with potent neuroprotective effects against transient IRI in gerbils.6-Formylpterin induces intracellular ROS generation in HL-60 cells as well as apoptosis ( 6-Formylpterin inhibits the expression of iNOS, produces hydrogen peroxide intracellularly and restores the impaired bactericidal activity of human neutrophils.

HTHQ (HTHQ(1-O-Hexyl-2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone)), a hydroquinone monoalkyl ether, is an effective anti-oxidative agent. HTHQ is a potent anti-lipid-peroxidative compound and its antioxidation activity to be extremely elevated in biological systems, such as that of liver microsomes via the generation of stable free radicals.

13(S)-HpODE, a metabolite present in potato and Homo sapiens, is the (S)-enantiomer of 13-HpODE, a fatty acid containing a peroxy group, IL-13 13(S)HpODE stimulates MAO-A-mediated intracellular ROS generation and induction of p53 as well as p21 during apoptosis of A549 cancer cells and promotes apoptosis of HCT116 and CCF52 cells by upregulating p53 and p21 expression promoted apoptosis in HCT116 and CCF52 cells, constituting the IL-13 > 15-LO > 13(S)HpODE > PPARγ > MAO-A > ROS > p53 > p21 axis.

MJ33 lithium salt is an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase type 2-mediated ROS generation, a fluorinated phospholipid analog that inhibits the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity of peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6), and is used in the study of acute lung injury.

DMNQ is a 1,4-naphthoquinone that acts as a redox-cycling agent, typically increasing intracellular superoxide and hydrogen peroxide formation.DMNQ increases ROS generation

1. Sesamolin and Sesamin has neuroprotective effect. 2. Sesamolin protects microglia against H2O2-induced cell injury, by inhibiting of p38 MAPK and caspase-3 activation and ROS production. 3. Sesamolin and Sesamin can significantly attenuate the excess g