respiratory distress syndrome

Aviptadil Acetate (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide acetate salt) induces pulmonary vasodilation and inhibits the proliferation of vascular SMCs and platelet aggregation. Avitadil acetate can be used for research on pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension (PAH), and respiratory failure caused by SARS-CoV-2.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), derived from Escherichia coli O55:B5, are essential components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Composed of lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide, LPS exhibits strong immunogenicity. It activates immune cells via the TLR4 receptor, induces chemotactic cell migration and cytokine secretion, and helps maintain the integrity of the bacterial outer membrane, protecting against bile salts and lipid-based antibiotics. LPS is commonly used to establish inflammatory models, including arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and gastrointestinal disease models.

Eltenac (B78820) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, COX inhibitor with analgesic activity.Eltenac inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 and is used in the study of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).

CYM5181 is related to the body's immune system and can be used to study multiple sclerosis, transplant rejection, and adult respiratory distress syndrome.

Zabedosertib (BAY 1834845) is an inhibitor of IRAK4 with immunomodulatory potential. Zabedosertib protects against acute respiratory distress syndrome, a new study suggests.

Sivelestat sodium tetrahydrate (ONO5046 sodium tetrahydrate) is a competitive inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase, with an IC50 of 44 nM and a Ki of 200 nM. Sivelestat (EI546) sodium tetrahydrate has the potential for the study of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome or disseminated intravascular coagulation in COVID-19.

Levocarnitine propionate (L-Propionylcarnitine) is a propionyl-coenzyme A (Pro-CoA) derivative with anti-ischemic effects and high affinity for muscle L-carnitine transferase. Levocarnitine propionate enhances substrate oxidation and mitochondrial respiration in the heart of diabetic rats, reduces gastric ulcer area, induces mucosal recovery, and can be used to study acute respiratory distress syndrome and chronic gastric ulcers in Alzheimer's disease.

PNSC928 is an inhibitor of the CtBP2-p300 interaction, with an IC50 of 23.60 µM. It can reverse the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by Lipopolysaccharides in RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, PNSC928 has the potential to ameliorate acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in mice.

Nrf2 activator-20 is a potent Nrf2 activator with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It activates anti-inflammatory pathways by disrupting the interaction between Keap1 and Nrf2, demonstrating beneficial effects in vivo. Nrf2 activator-20 is applicable for studies on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Sivelestat sodium (EI 546 sodium) is a highly efficient inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase, improving sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. It can be used in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome research.

Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) is a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) analog and an agonist of TLR3 as well as retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5). It can induce innate immune responses in mammals and serve as a vaccine adjuvant to enhance both innate and adaptive immunity, while modulating the tumor microenvironment and directly inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Poly(I:C) is commonly used to establish acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) animal models for studying immune responses and disease mechanisms.

SN50 TFA is a cell-permeable inhibitor of NF-κB and attenuates alveolar hypercoagulation and fibrinolysis inhibition in acute respiratory distress syndrome mice through inhibiting NF-κB p65 translocation. SN50 TFA can be used in studies about ARDS.

Nrf2 activator-1 is a potent activator of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and can be used to study COPD and other respiratory diseases, including asthma, acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and pulmonary fibrosis.

Lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli O111:B4 are key components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. As a smooth-type LPS, they consist of lipid A, an R3-type core oligosaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide. These LPS molecules exhibit high immunogenicity, can trigger strong immune responses and gastric disorders by activating the TLR-4 receptor on immune cells, and help maintain the structural integrity of the bacterial outer membrane while protecting against bile salts and lipid-based antibiotics. They are widely used to establish inflammation-related disease models, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

IRAK4-IN-20 is a potent and orally active IRAK4 inhibitor (IC50:3.55 nM). IRAK4-IN-20, which has anti-inflammatory, antitumor and anticancer effects, is often used to treat acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

AMY-101 acetate (Cp40 acetate) is a cyclic peptide, an inhibitor of C3 Complement and an immunomodulator used in the treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis, which significantly reduces inflammation and lowers MMP-8 and MMP-9 levels.AMY-101 acetate also have a palliative effect on covid -19-induced lung inflammation/injury and SARS-COV-2-related acute kidney injury in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Dilmapimod tosylate is a potent p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor. It was investigated for its anti-inflammatory effect in non-head injury trauma patients at risk for developing acute respiratory distress syndrome. IL-1β was identified as a gene regulated by dilmapimod that could influence c-reactive protein levels. Dilmapimod had been in phase III clinical trials by GlaxoSmithKline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, neuropathic pain, coronary artery disease (CAD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Paridiprubart (NI-0101) is a humanised monoclonal antibody targeting TLR4, demonstrating ameliorative effects in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and holding potential for rheumatoid arthritis research.

STC314 is an anti-infective agent that reverses organ damage caused by excessive immune response by neutralizing extracellular histones and neutrophil trapping networks, and can be used in the study of sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).STC314 protects the stability of lipid bilayers, and inhibits platelet activation and erythrocyte damage.STC314 is also used in the study of prostate cancer.Nardeterol HCl is a selective kappa agonist with analgesic activity.

Quisovalimab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to and neutralizes LIGHT(TNFSF14), a member of tumor necrosis factor superfamily, thus blocking its interaction with the receptor and inhibiting T cell-related inflammatory response. Quisovalimab has been used to study the inflammatory pathway mediated by LIGHT, and it has potential therapeutic value in COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cytokine release syndrome (CRS).

(±)9(10)-DiHOME, the diol derivative of (±)9(10)-EpOME—a cytochrome P450-derived epoxide of linoleic acid also known as leukotoxin—is formed through the action of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in neutrophils. It exhibits toxicity towards Sf21 cells expressing sEH as well as tolacZ-expressing control cells, differing from leukotoxin which only harms sEH-containing cells. Furthermore, combined exposure to 9(10)- and 12(13)-DiHOME leads to cell death in rabbit renal proximal tubule cells by disrupting mitochondrial respiration, and causes lung injury, respiratory distress, and mortality in mice, highlighting its role as a toxic lipid mediator. Specifically, 9(10)-DiHOME has been associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe and often deadly complication in patients with major burns. Elevated levels of this compound have been detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of women, but not men, with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and its levels are also increased in patients with allergic asthma, indicating its significance in respiratory conditions.

MS-II-124 is an effective and selective NLRP3 inhibitor (IC50=0.12 μM) with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, suitable for the study of Acute Lung Injury (ALI)/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).

GSK2862277 is a human monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting TNFRSF1A. It enhances the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and boosts the phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages. GSK2862277 is applicable for research in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Recommended isotype control: VHH-hFc.

GSK1995057 is a human monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting TNFRSF1A. It alleviates pulmonary neutrophilia, the release of inflammatory cytokines, and signs of endothelial injury in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum samples. GSK1995057 is used in research on acute lung injury and adult respiratory distress syndrome. The recommended isotype control is dAb (VHH-His).