processes

Expression system: E. coli
Length: 38-208, Full Length of Mature Protein
Activity: Organoid Coculture、Cells

Expression system: E. coli
Length: 32-194, Full Length of Mature Protein
Activity: Organoid Coculture

Lon protease, an ATP-dependent mitochondrial protease, is important in mitochondrial protein maintenance. Lon protease is a multifunctional enzyme, and its functions include the degradation of damaged proteins and naturally short-lived proteins, ATPase and chaperone-like activities, as well as DNA binding. Lon protease plays a major role in the protein quality control system in mammalian cell mitochondria. It is present in the mitochondrial matrix and degrades oxidized and misfolded proteins, thereby protecting the cell from various extracellular stresses, including oxidative stress. The intellectual disability-associated and thalidomide-binding protein cereblon (CRBN) contains a large, highly conserved Lon domain. The Lon ATP-dependent protease plays an important role in regulating many biological processes in bacteria.

SEMA4D is a member of the semaphorin family,contains one Ig-like C2-type domain, one PSI domain and one Sema domain. SEMA4D is strongly expressed in lymphoid tissues, especially in the thymus, as well as in the nervous tissues. However, SEMA4D is expressed at lower levels in testes, brain, kidney, small intestine, prostate, heart, placenta, lung and pancreas, but not in colon and liver. SEMA4D is a cell surface receptor for PLXN1B and PLXNB2 that plays an important role in cell-cell signaling. SEMA4D is involved in a number of fundamental biological processes such as promoting reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, the migration of cerebellar granule cells and of endothelial cells and signaling via SRC and PTK2B PYK2, which then mediates activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and of the AKT1 signaling cascade. Not only these, it plays a role in axonal growth cone guidance in the developing central nervous system. Semaphorin-4D SEMA4D may play a functional role in the immune system, as well as in the nervous system. It could induce B-cells to aggregate and improves their viability (in vitro). SEMA4D is involved in regulating dendrite and axon branching and morphogenesis and promoting interaction with PLXNB1 mediates activation of RHOA.

Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor Intracellular-Binding Protein (FIBP) is highly expressed in the heart, skeletal muscle, and pancreas. Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. FIBP is an intracellular protein that binds selectively to acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF). It is postulated that FIBP may be involved in the mitogenic action of aFGF.

Semenogelin-1 (SEMG1) is the predominant protein in semen; it is a secretory protein involved in the formation of a gel matrix entrapping the accessory gland secretions and ejaculated spermatozoa. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) protease processes SEMG1 into smaller peptides, each possibly having a separate function. In the proteolysis process, Alpha-inhibin-92 and alpha-inhibin-31 are produced; they inhibit the secretion of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone. At the same time, it breaks down the gel matrix, allowing the spermatozoa to move more freely.

Fractalkine(CX3CL1) is a single-pass type I membrane protein and belongs to the intercrine delta family. It consists of an extracellular NH2-terminal domain, a mucin-like stalk, a transmembrane α helix, and a short cytoplasmic tail. CX3CL1 exists in two forms: as a membrane-anchored or as a shed 80-95K glycoprotein. Soluble CX3CL1 is generated by limited proteolysis on the cell surface, and a disintegrin and metallopeptidase 10 (ADAM10) and ADAM17 tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme (ADAM17 TACE) participate in this shedding. It has been suggested that ADAM10 acts in the constitutive shedding, and ADAM17 acts in response to cell activation. The protein may play a role in regulating leukocyte adhesion and migration processes at the endothelium.

Estrogen Receptor is a major ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Estrogen Receptor is composed of several domains important for hormone binding, DNA binding, and activation of transcription. The protein localizes to the nucleus where it may form a homodimer or a heterodimer with estrogen receptor 2. Estrogen and its receptors are essential for sexual development and reproductive function, but they also play a role in other tissues such as bone. Estrogen receptors are also involved in pathological processes including breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and osteoporosis. Alternative splicing results in several transcript variants, which differ in their 5' UTRs and use different promoters.

Transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-βs) are multifunctional cytokines that have been implicated in the regulation of a broad range of biological processes, including cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell differentiation. And transforming growth factor beta3 (TGFbeta3) is a key protein involved in scar-free healing observed in embryos. Latent TGF beta 3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.9 kDa and the accession number is P10600-1.

Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1), the founding and best-studied member of the Dkk family, functions as an antagonist of canonical Wnt β-catenin. Dkk1 is considered to play a broad role in a variety of biological processes. DKK1 N terminal Domain Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 40.25 kDa and the accession number is O94907.

Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1), the founding and best-studied member of the Dkk family, functions as an antagonist of canonical Wnt β-catenin. Dkk1 is considered to play a broad role in a variety of biological processes. DKK1 N terminal Domain Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 40.25 kDa and the accession number is O94907.

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) transmits signals through the plasma membrane regulating essential cellular processes like division, motility, metabolism, and death. Overexpression of FGFR1 is observed in numerous tumors and thus constitutes an attractive molecular target for selective cancer treatment. FGFR1 beta (IIIc) Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 25.23 kDa and the accession number is P11362-7.

SPARC-like protein 1 (SPARCL1; also known as SC1, high endothelial venule protein, or hevin) is an extracellular matrix-associated, secreted glycoprotein belonging to the secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) family of matricellular proteins. It contains three conserved structural domains that are implicated in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. SPARCL1 is expressed during embryogenesis and tissue remodeling and is especially prominent in brain and vasculature. Its down-regulation in a number of cancers and the possibility of its functional compensation by SPARC has led to recent interest in hevin as a tumor suppressor and regulator of angiogenesis. SPARCL1 has antiadhesive properties, and loss of SPARCL1 expression is associated with increased proliferative activity and cell cycle progression. It is suggested that it may influence multiple cellular processes during distinct stages of brain development and function. Besides, SPARCL1 can influence the function of astroglial cells in the developing and mature central nervous system (CNS).

NUDT1 (Nudix Hydrolase 1) is a Protein Coding gene. The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme that hydrolyzes oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphates to monophosphates, thereby preventing misincorporation. The NUDT1 protein is localized mainly in the cytoplasm, with some in the mitochondria, suggesting that it is involved in the sanitization of nucleotide pools both for nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Cancers can survive the oxidative conditions by upregulating nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X-type motif 1 (NUDT1). MiR-485-5p acts as a tumor suppressor by targeting NUDT1 in gastric cancer (GC). The miR-485-5p NUDT1 axis is involved in the processes of cell growth and cell motility and plays a key role in the tumorigenesis of GC.

NPY (Neuropeptide Y) is a Protein Coding gene. This gene encodes a neuropeptide that is widely expressed in the central nervous system and influences many physiological processes, including cortical excitability, stress response, food intake, circadian rhythms, and cardiovascular function. NPY is a neuromodulator that is widely expressed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and is consecrated with classic neurotransmitters including GABA and glutamate. NPY Agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus are part of a neuroendocrine feedback loop that regulates feeding behavior and glucose homeostasis. NPY AgRP neurons sense peripheral signals (including the hormones leptin, insulin, and ghrelin) and integrate those signals with inputs from other brain regions.

Serpins are the largest and most diverse family of serine protease inhibitors which are involved in a number of fundamental biological processes such as blood coagulation, complement activation, fibrinolysis, angiogenesis, inflammation and tumor suppression and are expressed in a cell-specific manner. Serpins are a group of proteins with similar structures that were first identified as a set of proteins able to inhibit proteases. The acronym serpin was originally coined because many serpins inhibit chymotrypsin-like serine proteases (serine protease inhibitors). Over 1 serpins have been identified. Mouse Serpin A11, also known as SERPINA11, is a member of the serpin family.

Serpins are the largest and most diverse family of serine protease inhibitors which are involved in a number of fundamental biological processes such as blood coagulation, complement activation, fibrinolysis, angiogenesis, inflammation and tumor suppression and are expressed in a cell-specific manner.Mouse SerpinB8, also known as Cytoplasmic antiproteinase 2, Peptidase inhibitor 8, SerpinB8, PI-8, SERPINB8 and CAP2, is a member of the Serpin superfamily. SERPINB8 was broadly expressed. In normal neuroendocrine tissues, strongest SerpinB8 expression was detected in islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Moderate SerpinB8 expression was observed in neuroendocrine cells of the thyroid, adrenal cortex, colon, and pituitary gland. In the pancreas, SerpinB8 is specifically expressed by insulin-producing beta cells, and can be used as an additional diagnostic immunohistochemical marker. Mouse SerpinB8 distribution alters during kidney regeneration, possibly to control a prohormone convertase involved in inflammation or tissue repair.

Serpins are the largest and most diverse family of serine protease inhibitors which are involved in a number of fundamental biological processes such as blood coagulation, complement activation, fibrinolysis, angiogenesis, inflammation and tumor suppression and are expressed in a cell-specific manner. Serpins are a group of proteins with similar structures that were first identified as a set of proteins able to inhibit proteases. The acronym serpin was originally coined because many serpins inhibit chymotrypsin-like serine proteases (serine protease inhibitors). Over 1 serpins have been identified.Mouse SerpinB3, also known as Squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1, SCCA-1, SERPINB3, SCCA and SCCA1, is a cytoplasm protein that belongs to the serpin family and Ov-serpin subfamily. SerpinB3 may act as a protease inhibitor to modulate the host immune response against tumor cells. Mouse SerpinB3a and SerpinB3b, but not Serpinb3c, are functional, inhibiting both serine and cysteine proteinases with different inhibitory profiles due to the difference of two amino acids in their reactive site loops. SerpinB3a is ubiquitously expressed in most tissues, whereas expression of SerpinB3b is limited to keratinocytes. SerpinB3a and SerpinB3b may play different roles by inhibiting intrinsic or extrinsic proteinases with different expression distributions and different inhibitory profiles.

UBE2M is a member of the ubiquitin-conjugating E2 family whose members perform the second step in the ubiquitination reaction. Initially identified as the main process for protein degradation, ubiquitination is believed nowadays to be crucial for a wider range of cellular processes. The outcome of the ubiquitin-conjugation reaction, and thereby the fate of the substrate, is heavily dependent on the number of ubiquitin molecules attached and how these ubiquitin molecules are inter-connected. To deal with this complexity and to allow adequate ubiquitination in time and space, a highly sophisticated conjugation machinery has been developed. In a sequential manner, ubiquitin becomes activated by an ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), which then transfers the ubiquitin to a group of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s). Next, ubiquitin-loaded E2s are interacting with ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) and ubiquitin is conjugated to substrates on recruitment by the E3. These three key enzymes are operating in a hierarchical system, wherein two E1s and 35 E2s have been found and hundreds of E3s have been identified in humans.

PTPN6 is an enzyme that belongs to the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. N-terminal part of PTPN6 contains two tandem Src homolog (SH2) domains, which act as protein phospho-tyrosine binding domains, and mediate the interaction of PTPN6 with its substrates. PTPN6 is expressed primarily in hematopoietic cells, and functions as an important regulator of multiple signaling pathways in hematopoietic cells. It has been shown that PTPN6 interacts with, and dephosphorylate a wide spectrum of phospho-proteins involved in hematopoietic cell signaling.

Afamin is an 87 kDa glycoprotein with five predicted N-glycosylation sites. Afamin's glycan abundance contributes to conformational and chemical inhomogeneity presenting great challenges for molecular structure determination. Afamin, a human plasma glycoprotein and putative transporter of hydrophobic molecules, has been shown to act as extracellular chaperone for poorly soluble, acylated Wnt proteins, forming a stable, soluble complex with functioning Wnt proteins. The 2.1-Å crystal structure of glycosylated human afamin reveals an almost exclusively hydrophobic binding cleft capable of harboring large hydrophobic moieties. Afamin plays a role in anti-apoptotic cellular processes related to oxidative stress and is associated with insulin resistance and other features of metabolic syndrome. Afamin may serve as a new early biomarker for pathological glucose metabolism during pregnancy. And first trimester screening for pre-eclampsia could be provided by a combination of afamin and placental bed vascularization. Moreover, the combination of first trimester serum afamin levels with BMI could provide a possible screening for gestational diabetes mellitus.

Serine threonine-protein kinase 1, also known as Lymphocyte-oriented kinase, STK1 and LOK, belongs to the protein kinase superfamily, STE Ser Thr protein kinase family and STE2 subfamily. Protein kinases constitute a large superfamily of enzymes with key regulatory functions in nearly all signal transmission processes of eukaryotic cells. The Ste2 family of serine threonine kinases plays an important role in numerous cellular functions such as growth, apoptosis, and morphogenesis. STK1 is similar to several known polo-like kinase kinases. It can associate with and phosphorylate polo-like kinase 1, and overexpression of a kinase-dead version of the protein interferes with normal cell cycle progression. STK1 can also negatively regulate interleukin 2 expression in T-cells via the mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 1 pathway. Stk1 can associate with Plk1 in cells and furthermore can phosphorylate Plk1. It can also act on substrates such as myelin basic protein and histone 2A on serine and threonine residues.

The cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (M6P IGF2R) is a multifunctional receptor. It is involved in a variety of cellular processes which become dysregulated in cancer. IGF2R Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 164.90 kDa and the accession number is P11717.

Uroporphyrinogen-III Synthase is an enzyme which belongs to the uroporphyrinogen-III synthase family. Uroporphyrinogen-III Synthase is ubiquitous and it is involved in Porphyrin metabolism. Porphyrins act as cofactors for a multitude of enzymes that perform a variety of processes within the cell such as Methionine synthesis (Vitamin B12) or oxygen transport (Heme). Uroporphyrinogen-III Synthase can catalyze cyclization of the linear Tetrapyrrole, Hydroxymethylbilane, to the Macrocyclic Uroporphyrinogen III, the branch point for the various sub-pathways leading to the wide diversity of Porphyrins. Defects in Uroporphyrinogen-III Synthase are the cause of Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (CEP).