oxidation-reduction

Dihydrolipoic acid (USAF XR-12), a dithiol-containing carboxylic acid, acts as a general antioxidant that is highly reactive against a variety of reactive oxygen species, including peroxynitirite, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite, at concentrations ranging from 0.01-0.5 mM.

Gemfibrozil (CI-719) interacts with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARalpha) resulting in PPARalpha-mediated stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and an increase in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) synthesis. Gemfibrozil is a fibric acid derivative with hypolipidemic effects. This enhances triglyceride-rich lipoprotein clearance and reduces the expression of apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III). The reduction in hepatic production of apoC-III result in the subsequent reduction of serum levels of very-low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C). In addition, gemfibrozil-mediated PPARalpha stimulation of apoA-I and apoA-II expression results in an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).

2,2′-Dipyridyl disulfide (Aldrithiol 2) is a useful reagent for the determination of sulfhydryl groups. It acts as a peptide coupling reagent and as an oxidizing agent. 2,2′-Dipyridyl disulfide (Aldrithiol 2) is also used for the activation of glycosides.

(S)-Malic acid ((S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid) is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid found in many sour foods, such as apples, and contributes to the sourness of green apples and tartness of wine, although its concentration decreases with fruit ripeness (wikipedia). In its ionized form, it is called malate, an intermediate in the TCA cycle alongside fumarate, and can be formed from pyruvate through anaplerotic reactions. In humans, malic acid is derived from food sources and synthesized in the body via the citric acid cycle in mitochondria, playing a crucial role in energy production under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate, providing reducing equivalents via the malate-aspartate redox shuttle, while during anaerobic conditions, its simultaneous reduction to succinate and oxidation to oxaloacetate removes excess reducing equivalents, reversing hypoxia's inhibition of glycolysis and energy production. Studies on rats have shown that tissue malate depletes following exhaustive physical activity, suggesting that malic acid deficiency may cause physical exhaustion. Administering malic acid to rats has been shown to elevate mitochondrial malate, increasing mitochondrial respiration and energy production.

NADP sodium salt (Sodium NADP) is a coenzyme that is widely distributed in living matter. Participates in oxidation-reduction reactions.

Ubiquinone-1 (UQ-1) is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q, an essential coenzyme in the body's redox reactions, involved in multiple oxidation-reduction processes.

VARACIN, a low-molecular weight anti-cancer compound, facilitates DNA-cleavage with remarkable efficiency when thiols are present. It utilizes a complex interplay of reduction and oxidation processes to enhance its therapeutic efficacy within cells.

Trimetazidine, an anti-ischemic (anti-anginal) metabolic agent, could improve myocardial glucose utilization through inhibition of long-chain 3-ketoacyl CoA thiolase activity and results in a reduction in fatty acid oxidation and a stimulation of glucose

Riboflavin 5'-monophosphate (FMN) is a coenzyme that is tightly bound to enzymes catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions in a variety of biosynthetic pathways. FMN also binds the FMN riboswitch (RFN element) on RNA to alter gene regulation. FMN is a substrate of FMN phosphohydrolases and is used to study their function.

Latanoprost is an F-series prostaglandin (PG) analog which has been approved for use as an ocular hypotensive drug. Oxidation of the C-15 hydroxyl group without isopropyl ester hydrolysis produces 15-keto latanoprost. 15-keto Latanoprost is a potential metabolite of latanoprost when administered to animals. 15-keto Latanoprost is also one of the common minor impurities found in commercial preparations of the bulk drug compound. Although much less potent that the parent compound latanoprost, 15-keto latanoprost still retains the ability to produce a small but measurable decrease (1 mm Hg) in the intraocular pressure of normal cynomolgus monkeys when administered at a dose of 1 μg/eye. 15-keto Latanoprost is also a miotic in the normal cat eye, causing an 8 mm reduction in pupillary diameter at 5 μg/eye. Again, this is not as potent as many other F-type PGs; for example, PGF2α will produce this degree of miosis at a dose of less than 1 μg/eye. Products of β-oxidation account for most of the metabolites of latanoprost recovered in plasma and urine. However, 15-keto latanoprost is a minor metabolite, and one which could be enhanced in situations where β-oxidation is reduced.

Bimatoprost is an F-series prostaglandin (PG) analog approved for use as an ocular hypotensive drug. Oxidation of the C-15 hydroxyl group and amide hydrolysis of Bimatoprost produces 15-keto-17-phenyl trinor PGF2α, a potential metabolite when administered to animals. 15-keto PG analogs can be minor impurities in commercial preparations of corresponding bulk drug compounds. Although much less potent than the parent compound, 15-keto PGs can still produce a small but measurable decrease (1 mm Hg) in intraocular pressure of normal cynomolgus monkeys at a dose of 1 μg eye. 15-keto Latanoprost (15-keto-17-phenyl-13,14-dihydro trinor PGF2α isopropyl ester) acts as a miotic in normal cat eyes, causing an 8 mm reduction in pupillary diameter at 5 μg eye. This is less potent compared to many other F-type PGs; for example, PGF2α induces similar miosis at less than 1 μg eye.

CE3F4 analog 1 is an analogue of CE3F4. It is a chemical compound utilized in various [scientific applications] due to its unique properties, notably in (radical scavenging) and (oxidation-reduction) processes. It plays a significant role in advanced (catalysis), (pharmaceutical) research, and (material science) due to its stability and reactivity.

Flavin adenine dinucleotide disodium salt (FAD sodium salt) is a flavin dinucleotide that is synthesized when the AMP moiety from ATP is transferred onto riboflavin 5'-monophosphate. FAD functions as a coenzyme that facilitates the transfer of electrons by flavoenzymes in oxidation-reduction reactions in cells.

GDP-β-L-fucose is a metabolite in plant and animal. It used for microbe agglutination assay and agglutination inhibition assay. GDP-β-L-fucose is formed by the oxidation-reduction and epimerization of GDP-R-D-mannose in most organisms.

Piperazine (2HCl) is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists and its major effects appear to be on the central nervous system. Piperazine was the anthelmintic with the greatest number of reports of toxicoses and suspected toxicoses in cats. Piperazine neurotoxicity in cats and dogs usually was manifested by muscle tremors, ataxia, and or behavioral disturbances within 24 hours after estimated daily dose(s) between 20 and 110 mg kg[1]. For di-substituted derivatives, ciprofloxacin was selected and hybrids were synthesized via substitution at piperazinyl-N4. The reaction of piperazinyl-NH of ciprofloxacin with selected drugs resulted in pronounced growth inhibition of standard as well as resistant bacterial strains[2]. The parent piperazine 6 was found to exhibit a reasonable activity toward the HeLa and MDA MB 231 tumor cell lines (IC50= 9.2 and 8.4 μΜ, respectively)[3]. Piperazine adipate (10 mM) causes mortality of A. galli and H. gallinae after a maximum of 30 min exposure, inhibits malate oxidation by 78%, and inhibits aldolase activity in both parasites. Piperazine adipate (10 mM) also inhibits cholinesterase activity by 96% in Ascaridia galli (A. galli) and 93% in Heterakis gallinae (H. gallinae). Piperazine adipate inhibits oxaloacetate reduction by 26% and 55% in A. galli and H. gallinae, resepctively[4].

Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the mutual conversion of oxaloacetate and malate, and is associated with the oxidation reduction of dinucleotide coenzymes [1] .

Sodium diphenylamine-4-sulfonate is an oxidation-reduction titration indicator, displaying a colorless reduced form and a red-violet oxidized form [1].

Diethylene glycol diethyl ether serves as an electrolyte solvent in non-aqueous lithium-air batteries. It facilitates reversible reduction and oxidation processes on porous carbon electrodes without the need for a catalyst.

Tetraoctylammonium iodide is an organic compound classified as a quaternary ammonium salt. It is commonly used as a phase-transfer catalyst, facilitating reactions between two immiscible phases, such as aqueous and organic phases. Tetraoctylammonium iodide has various applications in organic synthesis, particularly in reactions involving nucleophilic substitution, oxidation, and reduction. Additionally, it serves as a surfactant and emulsifier in both industrial and laboratory settings.

(2E)-Pent-2-enoic acid is an unsaturated carboxylic acid, also known as 2-pentenoic acid or crotonic acid. The designation 2E indicates that the molecule has a trans configuration of the double bond, with the two carbon atoms on opposite sides. This compound has an irritant odor and is miscible with water and most organic solvents. It is commonly used in organic synthesis as a starting material for various chemical reactions, including esterification, oxidation, and reduction. Additionally, its potential application as a flavoring agent in the food industry has been explored.

5,10,15,20-Tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine cobalt(II) (commonly known as CoTPP) is a coordination compound. Known for its distinct electronic and optical properties, it is widely employed in fields such as catalysis, sensing, and organic electronics. It serves as an efficient catalyst in numerous chemical reactions, including oxidation, reduction, and CH bond activation. Additionally, CoTPP is used as a fluorescent probe for detecting oxygen levels in biological systems and as an active material in organic solar cells.

(E)-Pent-3-enoic acid is an unsaturated carboxylic acid, serving as a starting material for various chemical reactions, including esterification, oxidation, and reduction. It also has potential applications as a flavoring agent in the food industry.

5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(p-tolyl)porphyrin (TTP) is an organic compound classified within the porphyrin family, characterized by a cyclic structure formed from four pyrrole rings. TTP is a synthetic porphyrin commonly employed as a sensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells and as a catalyst in various organic reactions. Owing to its unique structure, TTP exhibits a range of intriguing properties, including specific wavelength absorption and potential as a catalyst for different chemical reactions. In dye-sensitized solar cells, TTP aids in converting sunlight into electrical energy by absorbing photons and transferring electrons to the device's semiconductor layer. In organic chemistry, TTP is frequently utilized as a catalyst for reactions such as oxidation and reduction, selectively binding to certain substrates, making it a valuable tool for synthesizing complex molecules and studying their properties.

(meso-Tetraphenylporphinato)platinum is an organic compound classified as a metalloporphyrin. It is typically used as a catalyst in various organic chemical reactions, particularly in oxidation and reduction reactions. Meso-tetraphenylporphyrin Pt(II) has diverse applications in synthetic organic chemistry, especially in the production of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and specialty chemicals. Additionally, it may serve as a sensor for detecting biomolecules and has potential use in photodynamic therapy for cancer.