cholesterol pathway

Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) is an isoprenoid found in fruits, vegetables, and grains, including rice. Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of various tumor cells. Geranylgeraniol (FT0626663) protects monocytes against statin-induced cytotoxicity and suppresses the growth of Mycobacterium.

Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate tetrabutylammonium(1:2) is one of the endogenous cholesterol and intermediates produced by the mevalerate pathway. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate tetrabutylammonium(1:2) is the common precursor of diterpenoids, for example, Paclitaxel. It can be used for cancer research.

Farnesyl Pyrophosphate ammonium salt is an isomer of (E,E)-Farnesyl Pyrophosphate ammonium salt, which is a key metabolic intermediate in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway and an agonist of TRPM2, and is involved in cholesterol synthesis, ubiquinone synthesis, protein farnesylation and other physiological processes.

RP 54275 is a naturally occurring fatty acid derivative, a new cholesterol-lowering compound. It activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) pathway, which is involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, inflammation and cellular differentiation.

Mevalonic acid lithium salt (MVA lithium salt) is a precursor of the mevalonic acid pathway, an initiator of cell growth, a key substance in cholesterol synthesis, and stimulates DNA synthesis, morphology transformation, and cell cycling in human lymphocytes from peripheral blood.

1-Methyladenosine-d3 hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of deuterium-labeled 1-Methyladenosine. This compound is a modification of RNA that serves as a biomarker for tumors, with elevated levels in the body linked to cancer development. Upon methylation, 1-Methyladenosine upregulates the expression of PPARδ, regulates cholesterol metabolism, and activates the Hedgehog signaling pathway, thereby driving the onset of liver tumors.

1-Methyladenosine-d3 hydriodide is the deuterated form of 1-Methyladenosine. This compound is an RNA modification and serves as a tumor marker, with elevated levels in the body linked to cancer development. Methylated 1-Methyladenosine can promote liver tumor development by upregulating PPARδ expression, regulating cholesterol metabolism, and activating the Hedgehog signaling pathway.

AMPK activator17 (Compound 10g) is an orally bioavailable AMPK activator. It significantly inhibits lipogenesis (IC50: 3.4 μM) and improves dyslipidemia. By activating the AMPK pathway, AMPK activator17 suppresses early adipocyte differentiation (mitotic clonal expansion) and enhances mitochondrial function and fatty acid oxidation in mature adipocytes. It improves dyslipidemia through promoting cholesterol reverse transport. AMPK activator17 is applicable in research on obesity and associated metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

HedgehogIN-6 (Compound Q29) is a Hedgehog (Hh) inhibitor utilized in cancer research. It inhibits the hedgehog (Hh) pathway by binding to the cysteine-rich domain (CRD) of Smoothened (Smo) and blocking its cholesterol modification.

EBP-IN-1 (compound 11) is an inhibitor of emopamil binding protein (EBP), which is a sterol isomerase in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. This compound exhibits a long half-life in rodents and demonstrates favorable metabolic turnover and brain penetration properties. EBP-IN-1 promotes the formation of oligodendrocytes in human cortical organoids.

NCI677397 is a USP24 inhibitor. It enhances lipid ROS, activates cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis, and degrades ABC transporters, GPX4, and DHFR through the autophagy pathway. This process reduces p-gp levels, ultimately leading to ferroptosis in drug-resistant cancer cells. NCI677397 is relevant for research in lung and brain cancers.

Farnesyl pyrophosphate-d2 (Farnesyl diphosphate-d2) triammonium is the deuterium-labeled version of Farnesyl pyrophosphate triammonium. This compound, also known as Farnesyl pyrophosphate ammonium salt, is a 15-carbon isoprenoid and a metabolic intermediate in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. It acts as an agonist of TRPM2 (TRP Channel), enabling the channel to open and allowing ion flow into cells. Additionally, Farnesyl pyrophosphate ammonium salt serves as a crucial branching substrate for cholesterol synthesis, ubiquinone synthesis, protein prenylation, and the synthesis of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP).

LAB687 (Compound 2a) is an inhibitor of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) with an IC50 of 0.9 nM for inhibiting the secretion of apolipoprotein B (apoB) in HepG2 cells. Additionally, LAB687 acts as a Smoothened (Smo) antagonist, exhibiting IC50 values of 2.48 μM and 3.42 μM for mouse and human Smo receptors, respectively. This compound is effective in reducing triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and in inhibiting the Hedgehog signaling pathway.

FPPS-IN-11 is a potent inhibitor of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) that effectively blocks a key enzymatic step in the mevalonate pathway, thereby modulating downstream isoprenoid biosynthesis, protein prenylation processes, and cholesterol-associated signaling pathways that are critically involved in cell proliferation, immune regulation, and metabolic disease progression.

Fluvastatin (XU-62320) is a potent and competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (IC50: 8 nM) that inhibits oxidative stress in vascular smooth muscle cells through an Nrf2-dependent pathway, and is used for the reduction of plasma cholesterol levels and the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

24(S)-hydroxy Cholesterol (24S-OHC) is the terminal product of the cholesterol elimination pathway in neural tissues. It is an LXR agonist and a selective positive allosteric modulator of NMDARs. It can serve as a biomarker for NPD, induce cognitive decline in mice, and is useful for studying neurological diseases.

L-Mevalonic acid ((S)-Mevalonic acid), a distant precursor of cholesterol, is a metabolite of the mevalonic acid pathway and is used in the study of autoimmune diseases, atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.

Geranyl pyrophosphate is an intermediate in the mevalonate pathway. It is formed from dimethylallyl pyrophosphate and isopentenyl pyrophosphate by geranyl pyrophosphate synthase. Geranyl pyrophosphate is used in the biosynthesis of farnesyl pyrophosphate , geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate , cholesterol, terpenes, and terpenoids.

1. Coptisine (Coptisin) treatment increases cell viability based on its reversal effect on the enhanced activity of Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase . 2. Coptisine treats myocardial I/R likely through suppressing myocardial apoptosis and inflammation by inhibiting the Rho/ROCK pathway. 3. Coptisine is a potential anti-osteosarcoma drug candidate, via exerting a strong anti-osteosarcoma effect with very low toxicity . 4. Coptisine with a high dosage could inhibit cholesterol synthesis via suppressing the HMGCR expression and promoting the use and excretion of cholesterol via up-regulating LDLR and CYP7A1 expression. 5. Coptisine suppresses adhesion, migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in vitro, the down-regulation of MMP-9 in combination with the increase of TIMP-1 possibly contributing to the anti-metastatic function for breast cancer.

AMPK activator 6 (Compound GC) activates the AMPK pathway and reduces lipid content in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells. It significantly suppresses increases in total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and other biochemical indices in blood serum, holding research value in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome.

Farnesyl pyrophosphate (Farnesyl diphosphate), a 15-carbon isoprenoid from the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, functions as a metabolic intermediary and TRPM2 (TRP Channel) agonist, facilitating TRPM2 channel opening and ion influx. It is crucial in synthesizing cholesterol, ubiquinones, and geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), and in protein farnesylation decoration [1].

TASIN-30 is an EBP inhibitor with EC50 values of 0.097 μM for EBP competition and 50 μM for DHCR7 competition, TASIN-30 is utilized in cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolic research to dissect sterol pathway regulation, evaluate enzyme selectivity, and explore therapeutic strategies targeting dysregulated lipid metabolism in disease models.

1-Methyladenosine-d3 hydrochloride is the deuterium-labeled hydrochloride salt form of 1-Methyladenosine. This compound is known as an RNA modification and serves as a tumor marker, as elevated levels in the body are associated with cancer development. Post-methylation, 1-Methyladenosine can drive liver tumor formation by upregulating PPARδ expression, regulating cholesterol metabolism, and activating the Hedgehog signaling pathway.

Farnesyl pyrophosphate-d2 (Farnesyl diphosphate-d2) triammonium is a deuterium-labeled variant of farnesyl pyrophosphate triammonium. This 15-carbon isoprenoid serves as a metabolic intermediate in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Additionally, farnesyl pyrophosphate ammonium salt acts as an agonist for the TRPM2 (TRP Channel), facilitating ion entry into cells. It is also a crucial substrate for cholesterol synthesis, ubiquinone synthesis, protein farnesylation, and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) production.