5-hydroxytryptophan

5-Hydroxytryptophan (NSC-92523) is a metabolite of tryptophan and a direct precursor of serotonin. It is a substrate of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase and can be used to induce depression models.

L-5-Hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP) is a naturally occurring amino acid and dietary supplement that serves as a precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin. It can be used as an antidepressant, appetite suppressant, and sleep aid, and acts as an antagonist to reserpine. L-5-HTP is widely used in research on myoclonus, fibromyalgia, migraine, and cerebellar ataxia, and is also commonly used to induce epilepsy models.

Kainic acid is an excitatory amino acid receptor agonist (EC50=16.2 μM). Kainic acid is an effective excitatory toxic agent. Kainic acid induces epileptic seizures.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline, betaine, and carnitine. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation through the activation of the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway. TMAO is commonly used to induce cardiac fibrosis models.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a natural hormone-like substance involved in various physiological functions, including the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles, dilation and constriction of blood vessels, regulation of blood pressure, and modulation of inflammation. It can be used to induce neuropathic pain models.

Oxazolone is a haptenating agent that can induce models of acute or chronic colitis and atopic dermatitis. It activates Th1 Th2 responses, leading to weight loss and diarrhea, and the resulting inflammation can be alleviated by anti-IL-4 antibodies, anti-TNF-α antibodies, or IL-13R2α-Fc fusion proteins. It is also suitable for studying gene expression related to inflammatory bowel disease in zebrafish.

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) is a natural phorbol ester that acts as an activator of PKC, SphK, and NF-κB, and is commonly used to induce differentiation of THP-1 cells and establish dermatitis models.

Aspirin is an orally active, selective, and irreversible inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2 with IC₅₀ values of 5 and 210 μg mL, respectively. It induces apoptosis, inhibits NF-κB activation and platelet prostaglandin synthesis, thereby preventing thrombosis. Additionally, it acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor that upregulates p21, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-platelet aggregation activities. Aspirin is commonly used to induce gastric ulcer models.

Haloperidol is an effective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist that can be used to induce models of tardive dyskinesia and Parkinson’s disease.

Adenine is a purine-derived nucleobase and one of the four bases of DNA. It is an important chemical component of both DNA and RNA, involved in cellular respiration, the formation of ATP and coenzymes NAD and FAD, as well as protein synthesis. Adenine is commonly used to induce chronic kidney injury models.

D-Galactose is a naturally occurring hexose and a C-4 epimer of glucose. It can combine with glucose to form lactose and is commonly used to establish animal models of aging.

Liothyronine (Tresitope) is a synthetic and highly active thyroid hormone that acts as an effective agonist of TRα and TRβ (Ki = 2.33 nM for both hTRα and hTRβ). It activates the TRβ1 receptor, promotes the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, accelerates the oxidative processes in tissue cells, maintains basal metabolic rate, and supports normal growth and development. Liothyronine can be used to induce hyperthyroidism models.

Fructose is a simple ketose monosaccharide widely found in many plants and commonly combines with glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose. It can be used to induce hyperuricemia and diabetes models.

L-Arginine (L-Arg) is a substrate of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). L-Arginine is transported to vascular smooth muscle cells via a family of cationic amino acid transporters and is metabolized to nitric oxide, polyamines, or L-proline. L-Arginine is a potent vasodilator and can be used to induce experimental acute pancreatitis.

Potassium oxonate is a uricase inhibitor that suppresses the phosphorylation of 5-FU to 5-fluorouridine-5'-monophosphate and is commonly used to establish hyperuricemia models.

Cyproheptadine hydrochloride is an effective orally active 5-HT2A receptor antagonist with antidepressant, anti-serotonin, and antiplatelet activities. It can be used for research on thromboembolic diseases and for the establishment of diabetes models.

Argatroban is a specific thrombin inhibitor and a non-heparin anticoagulant that effectively prevents thrombus formation and is commonly used to establish thrombolysis models.

Bicuculline is an alkaloid extracted from Corydalis decumbens, acting as a competitive antagonist of the neurotransmitter GABAA receptor (IC50 = 2 μM). It also blocks Ca2+-activated potassium (SK) channels and inhibits slow afterhyperpolarization (slow AHP). Bicuculline has anticonvulsant effects and is commonly used to establish mouse seizure models.

Capsaicin is an active natural component found in chili peppers and acts as a TRPV1 agonist (EC50 = 0.29 μM). It possesses multiple activities, including pain relief, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects, as well as some neurotoxicity. Capsaicin can be used to establish itch models.

(RS)-(Tetrazol-5-yl)glycine is a potent and selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist that can induce seizure models and Fos expression in mice. Its EC50 values for GluN1 GluN2D and GluN1 GluN2A are 99 nM and 1.7 μM, respectively.

L-Homocysteine is a biological thiol involved in various diseases and pathological conditions. It is a marker for atherosclerosis and can exacerbate intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by promoting the expression of 5-LOX and COX-2, making it suitable for inducing vascular endothelial inflammation models.

Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic compound that inhibits ATP-sensitive potassium channels (IC₅₀ = 19.1 μM) and can induce pulmonary toxicity. It has shown some antiviral activity in diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2 and is commonly used to establish animal models of pulmonary fibrosis.

Argatroban Monohydrate is a selective thrombin inhibitor and a non-heparin anticoagulant that effectively prevents thrombosis. It is commonly used in thrombolysis model studies.

Indomethacin sodium hydrate is an effective orally active, competitive, and reversible inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2, with IC50 values of 18 nM and 26 nM, respectively. It possesses anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities and is commonly used in research related to cancer, inflammation, and viral infections. Additionally, it can induce migraines and gastrointestinal injury and is used to study increased intracranial pressure secondary to severe traumatic brain injury in adults, as well as rheumatoid arthritis. It can also be used to induce gastric ulcer models.