24-methylenecycloartanone

24-Methylenecycloartanone is a natural product from Polygonum bistorta.

Rotenone is a natural plant-derived insecticide that acts as an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I. It promotes the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, induces apoptosis, and is commonly used to establish Parkinson's disease models.

Rutin (Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside), a flavonoid, has a variety of biological activities including antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic properties.

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) provides cellular energy, participates in overall energy balance, and maintains intracellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule through interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a variety of processes including neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodeling.

Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), an active component isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, suppresses the activation of ERK1 2 and JNK, and downregulates matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2, (MMP)-9 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Astragaloside IV is a bioactive saponin first isolated from the dried plant roots of the genus Astragalus, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine.1 It dose-dependently inhibits human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) in A549 cells (IC50 = 23 μM; LC50 = 865 μM).It inhibits replication of HAdV-3 and decreases HAdV-3-induced apoptosis. It has diverse protective effects for the cardiovascular, immune, digestive, and nervous systems. In particular, it reduces myocardial infarct size in dogs when administered prior to coronary ligation and reduces reperfusion arrhythmias in isolated rat hearts.

Bleomycin sulfate is a glycopeptide antibiotic with antitumor activity. It is commonly used as a DNA-damaging agent and DNA synthesis inhibitor. It functions by inducing DNA strand breaks without affecting RNA strands. Bleomycin sulfate is widely used in cancer research and for establishing pulmonary fibrosis animal models.

Sterculic acid, a stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) inhibitor, effectively suppresses delta-9 desaturase (Δ9D) activity in a dose-dependent manner, exhibiting an inhibition concentration (IC50) value of 0.9 μM [1].

Moracin C, a natural compound found in Morus mesozygia, Morus alba var. multicaulis, is an anti-inflammatory agent. moracin C inhibits nitric oxide (NO) release and LPS-activated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells.

1-Methoxycarbonyl-β-carboline (1-Methoxycarbonyl-beta-carboline) is an alkaloid from Ailanthus altissima.

Cepharanthine (NSC-623442) is a natural alkaloid that inhibits TNF-α-mediated NFκB stimulation, plasma membrane lipid peroxidation, and platelet aggregation, as well as cytokine production. Cepharanthine exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor activities.

Mequinol (Leucobasal) is a synthetic derivate of hydroquinone and depigmenting agent. Although the exact mechanism of the depigmenting effects of mequinol remains unclear, it may exert its effect by oxidation of tyrosinase to cytotoxic products in melanocytes.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (4-Aminobutyric acid) is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

D-(-)-Arabinose is a reducing sugar useful as a substrate in analysis of arabinose isomerases and synthesis of D-erythroascorbic acid in yeast. It shows strong growth inhibition against the Caenorhabditis elegans with an IC50 of 7.5 mM.

D-Galactose is a naturally occurring hexose and a C-4 epimer of glucose. It can combine with glucose to form lactose and is commonly used to establish animal models of aging.

Ursolic acid (Prunol) is a natural product, a pentacyclic triterpene carboxylic acid extracted from Rhododendron caprifolium. Ursolic acid has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and hypoglycemic activities.

Benzyl benzoate (Benzoic acid benzyl ester) is one of the older preparations used for the therapy of scabies. Scabies is a skin infection caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei. Its symptoms are red spots, severe itching (particularly at night), and may lead to a secondary infection. Benzyl benzoate is useful in the therapy of scabies because it is lethal to this mite. It is also used for the therapy of lice affection of the body and head. Benzyl benzoate is not the therapy of choice for scabies because of its irritant properties.

Tannic acid (Gallotannic acid) is a novel hERG channel blocker.

D-Glucose (Glucopyranose) is a monosaccharide, a natural glucose, a sweetener. D-Glucose is the main functional substance of living organisms, and is used as a nutrient in medicine, with diuretic, detoxification and cardiotonic effects.

L-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a natural product that is a potent reducing agent and antioxidant. L-Ascorbic acid functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen. L-Ascorbic acid is used in the treatment of scurvy.

Docetaxel (RP-56976), a semi-synthetic analog of paclitaxel, is a microtubule depolymerization inhibitor (IC50=0.2 μM) that attenuates the effects of bcl-2 and bcl-xL gene expression and exhibits apoptosis-inducing, anti-tumor activity.

Cyanocobalamin is a cobalt-containing coordination compound generated by intestinal microbes and a natural water-soluble vitamin of the B-complex family that must combine with Intrinsic Factor for absorption by the intestine. Cyanocobalamin is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA, and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. B12 improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis. B12 metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency causes pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic lesions.

Biotin (Vitamin H) is a water-soluble B-vitamin and is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids.

DL-Mevalonolactone, a human endogenous metabolite, is the δ-lactone form of mevalonate, a precursor of the mevalonate pathway. It reduces mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm), Ca2+ retention and NAD(P)H levels in the brain, and also induces mitochondrial swelling.DL-Mevalonolactone induces inflammation and oxidative stress, and reduces mitochondrial membrane potential.

Hexadecanal (Palmitaldehyde) is a free fatty aldehyde found in animals.