wheat

DL-Tyrosine is a natural product.

Squalene (AddaVax) is a natural organic compound originally obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil, though there are botanical sources as well, including rice bran, wheat germ, and olives. All higher organisms produce squalene, including humans. Squalene is an intermediate product in the synthesis of cholesterol and shows several pharmacological properties such as hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, and antitoxicant activity.

2,5-Dimethylpyrazine is present in asparagus, wheat bread, crispbread, Swiss cheeses, black or green tea, soya, malt, raw shrimp and squid. 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine is used as flavor additive and odorant in foods.

L-Allothreonine (L-allo-Threonine) is an essential amino acid in humans. L-Allothreonine is abundant in human plasma, particularly in newborns. Severe deficiency of threonine causes neurological dysfunction and lameness in experimental animals. L-Allothreonine is an immunostimulant which promotes the growth of thymus gland. L-Allothreonine also can probably promote cell immune defense function. L-Allothreonine is highly concentrated in meat products, cottage cheese, and wheat germ.

2-Acetylpyrazine (2-Acetylpyrazine) is a flavoring ingredient. 2-Acetylpyrazine is an avolatile flavor constituent of wheat and rye bread crust.

gamma-Nonanolactone is an aroma component of steamed wheat.

Cerebroside C is a fungal metabolite and glycosphingolipid that has been found in the rice pathogenic fungusM. grisea.1It induces production of the phytoalexin momilactone A when applied to wounded rice leaves, indicating that cerebroside C is an elicitor of the hypersensitive response in rice. Cerebroside C increases germination rate and reduces germination time in wheat seeds in a concentration-dependent manner at 4°C.2It also increases root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of wheat seedlings when used at a concentration of 20 μg/ml at 4°C, indicating increased chilling tolerance. 1.Koga, J., Yamuchi, T., Shimura, M., et al.Cerebrosides A and C, sphingolipid elicitors of hypersensitive cell death and phytoalexin accumulation in rice plantsJ. Biol. Chem.273(48)31985-31991(1998) 2.Li, H.-X., Xiao, Y., Cao, L.-L., et al.Cerebroside C increases tolerance to chilling injury and alters lipid composition in wheat rootsPLoS One8(9)e73380(2013)

9(S),12(S),13(S)-TriHOME is a linoleic acid-derived oxylipin that has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4It has been found in various plants and is produced in human eosinophils in a 15-lipoxygenase-dependent, soluble epoxide hydrolase-independent manner.1,59(S),12(S)13(S)-TriHOME inhibits antigen-induced β-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 mast cells (IC50= 28.7 μg ml).2It inhibits LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in BV-2 microglia (IC50= 40.95 μM).3In vivo, 9(S),12(S),13(S)-TriHOME (1 g animal) enhances the antiviral IgA and IgG antibody responses induced by a nasal influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine by 5.2- and 2-fold, respectively, in mice.4 1.Hamberg, M., and Hamberg, G.Peroxygenase-catalyzed fatty acid epoxidation in cereal seeds: Sequential oxidation of linoleic acid into 9(S),12(S),13(S)-trihydroxy-10(E)-octadecenoic acidPlant Physiol.110(3)807-815(1996) 2.Hong, S.S., and Oh, J.S.Inhibitors of antigen-induced degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells isolated from wheat branJ. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem.5569-74(2012) 3.Kim, C.S., Kwon, O.W., Kim, S.Y., et al.Five new oxylipins from Chaenomeles sinensisLipids49(11)1151-1159(2014) 4.Shirahata, T., Sunazuka, T., Yoshida, K., et al.Total synthesis, elucidation of absolute stereochemistry, and adjuvant activity of trihydroxy fatty acidsTetrahedron62(40)9483-9496(2006) 5.Fuchs, D., Tang, X., Johnsson, A.-K., et al.Eosinophils synthesize trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids (TriHOMEs) via a 15-lipoxygenase dependent processBiochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids1865(4)158611(2020)

1,3-Dilinoleoyl-2-oleoyl-rac-glycerol is a triacylglycerol that contains linoleic acid at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions and oleic acid at the sn-2 position. It has been found in grape seed, pumpkin seed, soybean, sunflower, and wheat germ oils, with the highest content in grape seed oil.

Z-Pro-Ala, an acid carboxypeptidase, can be isolated from the grains and leaves of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) [1].

Cytochalasin K (Compound 7) is a cytochalasin known to inhibit wheat root elongation, exhibiting an IC50 value of 22.58 μM [1].

10-Phenyl-[12]-cytochalasins Z16 (Compound 5), a member of the cytochalasins, inhibits wheat root elongation with an IC50 of 17.35 μM [1].

Sumaresinolic Acid is a natural lignan found in a variety of plants such as flaxseed, sesame and wheat bran and is a secondary metabolite of plants. It has been widely studied for its potential health benefits, including its ability to reduce inflammation, improve lipid metabolism and provide antioxidant protection.

Tagitinin A is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone compound that acts as a dual agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α γ (PPARα PPARγ) and exerts antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects in diabetes research.Tagitinin A is able to bind directly to the ligand-binding domain of PPARγ (IC50=55 μM), and also stimulates the PPAR Tagitinin A can directly bind to the PPARγ ligand binding domain (IC50=55 μM) and also stimulate the PPARα-dependent activation of the SULT2A1 gene promoter. As a phytotoxin, Tagitinin A significantly inhibited the growth of wheat germ sheath.

Homobotcinolide is a newly identified bioactive natural compound isolated from Botrytis cinerea found on raspberry fruit (Rubus ideaus). It has been shown to significantly inhibit the growth of yellowed wheat germ tissue [1].

Alternapyrone is an α-pyrone compound isolated from fungi, exhibiting phytotoxicity that affects the germination of wheat seeds. Its biosynthesis requires only three enzymes.

Uridine-5-acetic acid (5-Carboxymethyluridine) is a nucleoside formed during yeast and wheat embryo transfer RNA processes, which can be used for cell labeling and tracking DNA synthesis.