oxaloacetate

Magnesium Oxaloacetate is an inhibitor of the amebicidal activity of activated murine macrophages, helping the parasite to survive within the mouse large intestine and increasing the survival of C. elegans exposed to H2O2.

(S)-Malic acid ((S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid) is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid found in many sour foods, such as apples, and contributes to the sourness of green apples and tartness of wine, although its concentration decreases with fruit ripeness (wikipedia). In its ionized form, it is called malate, an intermediate in the TCA cycle alongside fumarate, and can be formed from pyruvate through anaplerotic reactions. In humans, malic acid is derived from food sources and synthesized in the body via the citric acid cycle in mitochondria, playing a crucial role in energy production under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate, providing reducing equivalents via the malate-aspartate redox shuttle, while during anaerobic conditions, its simultaneous reduction to succinate and oxidation to oxaloacetate removes excess reducing equivalents, reversing hypoxia's inhibition of glycolysis and energy production. Studies on rats have shown that tissue malate depletes following exhaustive physical activity, suggesting that malic acid deficiency may cause physical exhaustion. Administering malic acid to rats has been shown to elevate mitochondrial malate, increasing mitochondrial respiration and energy production.

Oxaloacetic acid, also known as oxosuccinic acid or oxalacetic acid, is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid appearing as an intermediate of the citric acid cycle. In vivo, oxaloacetate (the ionized form of oxaloacetic acid) is formed by the oxidation of L-mal

(-)-Hydroxycitric acid lactone (Garcinia lactone) is an anti-obesity agent and a potent inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase, an enzyme that catalyzes the extramitochondrial cleavage of citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA.

Piperazine (2HCl) is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists and its major effects appear to be on the central nervous system. Piperazine was the anthelmintic with the greatest number of reports of toxicoses and suspected toxicoses in cats. Piperazine neurotoxicity in cats and dogs usually was manifested by muscle tremors, ataxia, and or behavioral disturbances within 24 hours after estimated daily dose(s) between 20 and 110 mg kg[1]. For di-substituted derivatives, ciprofloxacin was selected and hybrids were synthesized via substitution at piperazinyl-N4. The reaction of piperazinyl-NH of ciprofloxacin with selected drugs resulted in pronounced growth inhibition of standard as well as resistant bacterial strains[2]. The parent piperazine 6 was found to exhibit a reasonable activity toward the HeLa and MDA MB 231 tumor cell lines (IC50= 9.2 and 8.4 μΜ, respectively)[3]. Piperazine adipate (10 mM) causes mortality of A. galli and H. gallinae after a maximum of 30 min exposure, inhibits malate oxidation by 78%, and inhibits aldolase activity in both parasites. Piperazine adipate (10 mM) also inhibits cholinesterase activity by 96% in Ascaridia galli (A. galli) and 93% in Heterakis gallinae (H. gallinae). Piperazine adipate inhibits oxaloacetate reduction by 26% and 55% in A. galli and H. gallinae, resepctively[4].

Aspulvinone H is a natural inhibitor of glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase 1 (GOT1), suppressing glutamine metabolism, making PDAC cells sensitive to oxidative stress and inhibiting cell proliferation, exhibiting potent in vivo antitumor activity in an SW1990-cell-induced xenograft model.

Clofibric acid-d4 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of clofibric acid by GC- or LC-MS. Clofibric acid is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist (EC50 = 50 µM in a transactivation assay) and the active metabolite of clofibrate. It is formed from clofibrate by tissue and serum esterases. Dietary administration of clofibric acid (0.067-0.22%) reduces serum cholesterol, phospholipid, and triglyceride levels in rats. It decreases glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) levels and increases glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, markers of xenobiotic stress, in the plasma of carp (C. carpio) when administered in tank water at a concentration of 10 µg L. Clofibric acid has been found in wastewater effluent.

Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the mutual conversion of oxaloacetate and malate, and is associated with the oxidation reduction of dinucleotide coenzymes [1] .

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is a transaminase enzyme, is often used in biochemical studies. Aspartate aminotransferase catalyzes aspartate and alpha-ketoglutarate converts to oxaloacetate and glutamate. Aspartate aminotransferase can be found in cerebrospinal fluid, exudates, and transudates [1] .

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is an enzyme that irreversibly catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate and bicarbonate to oxaloacetate and inorganic phosphorus in the presence of Mg2+. It is essential for the primary assimilation of CO(2) in Crassulacean acid metabolism plants and significantly influences the diurnal rhythm of plant metabolism [1] [2].

Pyruvate carboxylase, a biotin-containing enzyme, catalyzes the carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, a reaction dependent on HCO3− and MgATP. This enzyme is crucial for regulating whole-body energetics, influencing gluconeogenesis in the liver, fatty acid synthesis in adipocytes, and insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells [1] [2].

iGOT1-01 is an effective inhibitor of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1(GOT1) . iGOT1-01 has IC50s of 84.6 μM and 11.3 μM in GOT1 MDH1 assay and GOT1 GLOX HRP assay, respectively. iGOT1-01 can be used in anti-cancer studies.

GOT1 inhibitor-1 (GOT1 inhibitor 2c) is a novel, potent and non-covalent inhibitor of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1 (GOT1) with an IC50 of 8.2 uM.

(-)-Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) can inhibit fat synthesis and reduces food intake, the primary mechanism of action of HCA appears to be related to its ability to act as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme ATP-citrate lyase, which catalyzes the conversion of citrate and coenzyme A to oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), primary building blocks of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis.

DL-4-Hydroxy-2-ketoglutarate acts as a substrate for GOT (glutamate oxaloacetate aminotransferase) and 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate condensate enzymes, facilitating the reversible cleavage of 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate to pyruvate and glyoxylate. Additionally, it is utilized in mass spectrometry for the rapid analysis of negatively charged water-soluble cell metabolites.