neurotoxic

MPP+ iodide, the metabolite of a neurotoxin MPTP, causes symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) in animal models by selectively destroying dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. MPP+ induces dopamine transporter (DAT) externalization in dopaminergic (DA) neurons, but internalization of serotonin transporter (SERT) in serotonergic (5-HT) neurons. MPP+ induces autophagic cell death in SH-SY5Y cells.

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium [Disodium (R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate] is a competitive inhibitor of α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases with a Ki of 0.628 mM.

Glufosinate ammonium is a phosphinic acid analog of glutamic acid and an herbicide with neurotoxic activity. It is converted by plant cells into PT (L-phosphinothricin).

Butylhydroxyanisole (BHA) is an antioxidant consisting of a mixture of two isomeric organic compounds, 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole.

Prilocaine hydrochloride (Prilocaine HCl) is a local anesthetic of the amino amide type, binds to voltage-gated sodium ion channels in the neuronal membrane, thereby preventing the permeability of sodium ions.

Polymyxin B Sulfate (Poly-RX) is a mixture of polymyxins B1 and B2, obtained from Bacillus polymyxa strains. They are basic polypeptides of about eight amino acids and have cationic detergent action on cell membranes. Polymyxin B Sulfate (Poly-RX) is used for infections with gram-negative organisms, but may be neurotoxic and nephrotoxic.

Deltamethrin (RU 22974), a neurotoxic pyrethroid insecticide, produces a reversible sequence of motor symptoms in rats involving hind limb rigidity and choreoathetosis.Deltamethrin is globally used in crop protection, control of malaria and other vector-borne diseases. It is easily degradable.

Azamethiphos, an organothiophosphate insecticide, is used in Atlantic salmon fish farming to control parasites.

Prilocaine (NSC-40027) is a local anesthetic of the amino amide type, which acts on the sodium channel on the neuronal membrane and limits the spread of seizures.

Manganese chloride tetrahydrate is a high-purity manganese salt that can serve as a cofactor for enzyme reactions and provide essential trace elements in cell culture, and is commonly used in biochemical experiments.

(±)-Anatoxin A fumarate is the salt form of (±)-Anatoxin A.(±)-Anatoxin A is a potent neurotoxic naturally occurring alkaloid known as a rapid death factor (VFDF), a potent, direct, and selective agonist of the nAchR (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor), also known as the nicotinic receptor agonist.

(±)-Anatoxin A hydrochloride is the salt form of (±)-Anatoxin A.(±)-Anatoxin A is a potent neurotoxic naturally occurring alkaloid known as a rapid death factor (VFDF), a potent, direct, and selective agonist of the nAchR (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor), also known as the nicotinic receptor agonist.

Penitrem A is an indole-diterpenoid neurotoxic alkaloid produced by *Penicillium* species. As a selective BK channel antagonist, it exhibits antiproliferative and anti-invasive activities against various malignancies, and stimulates the spontaneous release of endogenous glutamate, GABA, and aspartate from cortical synaptosomes. It is commonly used to induce tremor models in animals.

DSP-4 hydrochloride (Neurotoxin DSP 4 (hydrochloride)) (Neurotoxin DSP 4 hydrochloride) can be used for the temporary selective degradation of the central and peripheral noradrenergic neurons, mainly those from the locus coeruleus (LC). is a highly selective neurotoxin and readily passes the blood-brain barrier with neurotoxic effects on noradrenergic neurons of adult and developing rats,

β-Amyloid (25-35) is a fragment of the Alzheimer’s amyloid beta peptide Aβ(25-35), exhibiting neurotoxic effects and commonly used to establish both cellular and animal models of Alzheimer’s disease.

Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is a neurotoxic secondary metabolite (SM) made by A. flavus. Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is an endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (Ca2+ATPase; SERCA)nanomolar inhibitor and a potent inducer of cell death in plants.

Glufosinate, a phosphinic acid analog of glutamic acid, is a herbicide that is converted by plant cells into PT (L-phosphinothricin). It has neurotoxic activity.

L-Homocysteine thiolactone hydrochloride is neurotoxic and can induce epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease.

Macrozamin has carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and neurotoxic properties.Macrozamin is a natural product isolated from Cycads.

NEMERTELLINE is a tetrapyridine neurotoxin isolated from Hoplonemertine marine worms. It may exhibit neurotoxic, anti-predation, and anti-fouling properties. Structurally, this compound resembles the tobacco constituent [nicotelline].

Levadopa Related Compound A is the 6-hydroxy derivative of the amino acid L-DOPA with neurotoxic properties. Exogenously administered 6-Hydroxy-L-DOPA is biotransformed by an amino acid decarboxylase to the highly potent and catecholamine-selective neurot

4-Bromoamphetamine hydrochloride is an amphetamine derivative that functions as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA) and induces stimulant effects. It is highly neurotoxic and results in long-term serotonin depletion.

Dopaminechrome (DACHR) is an oxidation product of dopamine that promotes the generation of H2O2 at mitochondrial complex I in the brain in a concentration- and respiration-dependent manner. It possesses neurotoxic properties and can be utilized in Parkinson's disease research.

Diethylene glycol (Diethylenglykol) is a nephrotoxic and neurotoxic compound that can cause acute kidney injury (AKI) when ingested in large amounts.