mitochondrial metabolism

(-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) is a phenolic antioxidant polyphenol flavonoid found in plants such as green and black tea, which inhibits telomerase and DNA methyltransferase, blocks the activation of EGF receptors and HER-2 receptors, inhibits cellular oxidation, and prevents free radical damage to cells.

Rotenone (Rotocide) is a natural product and a botanical insecticide. Rotenone is a mitochondrial electron transport complex I inhibitor that promotes the production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria and induces apoptosis.

(S)-Coriolic acid (13(S)-HODE) is an important intracellular signaling agent generated by the reaction of linoleic acid with plant and mammalian lipoxygenases. It is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation in various biological systems and inhibits the adhesion of tumor cells to the vascular endothelium, while down-regulating IRGpIIb IIIa receptor expression at around 1 μM. Additionally, (S)-Coriolic acid is a metabolite of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) and often acts as an endogenous ligand to activate PPARγ. It induces mitochondrial dysfunction and airway epithelial damage.

L-Histidine (L-(-)-Histidine) is a semi-essential amino acid (children should obtain it from food) needed in humans for growth and tissue repair, L-Histidine is important for maintenance of myelin sheaths that protect nerve cells and is metabolized to the neurotransmitter histamine. Histamines play many roles in immunity, gastric secretion, and sexual functions. L-Histidine is also required for blood cell manufacture and protects tissues against damage caused by radiation and heavy metals.

Kresoxim-methyl is a strobilurin fungicide,inhibits conidial germination of V. inaequalis isolates from apple orchards .

4-methyl-6-phenyl-2H-pyranone is derived from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and improves mitochondrial functionality to protect astrocytes against hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity.

L-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid (L-2-HG) is a compartmentalized metabolite and a substrate for L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (L2HGDH). It inhibits histone demethylases and increases the expression of ATF4 and its target genes by activating the mTOR pathway. L-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid mediates the mTOR-ATF4 signaling pathway and can be used in biosensor research.

Daidzin (Daidzoside) is an isoflavone isolated from soya bean with anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-atherosclerotic activities.

α-Lipoic Acid (Alphalipoic acid) inhibits NF-κB-dependent HIV-1 LTR activation. α-Lipoic Acid induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis in hepatoma cells.α-Lipoic Acid is an antioxidant, which is an essential cofactor of mitochondrial enzyme complexes.

α-Lipoic Acid (DL-α-Lipoic acid) an octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.

Tricarballylic acid (Carballylic acid) is an inhibitor of aconitase.

Nerol (Neryl alcohol) is a monoterpene found in many essential oils, such as lemon balm and hop.Nerol can lessened the severity of ouabain-triggered arrhythmias in mammalian heart.

Lipoic acid (R-(+)-Thioctic acid) is an organosulfur compound derived from octanoic acid. It is made in animals normally, and is essential for aerobic metabolism.

Schaftoside (APIGENIN-6-GLUCOSIDE-8-ARABINOSIDE) has antioxidant and anticancer activity.

Agaricic acid is an adenine nucleotide translocase antagonist.It is obtained from various plants of the fungous tribe, i.e. Polyporus officinalis and Polyporus igniarius. Agaric acid (Agaricinic Acid) induces mitochondrial permeability transition through its interaction with the adenine nucleotide translocase. Agaric acid promotes efflux of accumulated Ca 2+, collapse of transmembrane potential, and mitochondrial swelling. Agaric acid is used to regulate lipid metabolism.

Afzelin (Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside) exhibits several cellular activities such as DNA-protective, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and UV-absorbing properties, potentially protecting human skin from UVB-induced damage through a combination of UV-absorbing and cellular actions. Afzelin mitigates mitochondrial damage, promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, and reduces levels of mitophagy-related proteins, parkin and PTEN-induced putative kinase 1.

HQNO is a natural product isolated from P. aeruginosa,and is a potent inhibitor of electron transport chain(Kd of 64 nM for complex III). It also is a potent mitochondrial NDH-2 inhibitorin many species.

Genistein 8-c-glucoside (G8CG), a natural glucoside isolated from the flowers of Lupinus luteus L., induces mitochondrial membrane depolarization and apoptosis.

Dihydrorotenone is a potent mitochondrial inhibitor and probably induces Parkinsonian syndrome.

Malonyl Coenzyme A lithium (Malonyl CoA lithium) is an important precursor for the production of a variety of chemicals that modulate insulin-stimulated glucose transport in myotubes.

Quinine sulfate dihydrate plays a major role in potassium channel blockers. It is also used as an antimalarial, anticholinergic, antihypertensive and a hypoglycemic agent. It inhibits mitochondrial ATP-regulated potassium channel. It is also used to study the metabolism of biocrystalized heme, hemozoin, in malarial parasites and to study the toxicity of heme (FP)-complexes.

Ammonium formate (Formic acid ammonium salt) is the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism. It is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase activity, the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Cell death from cytochrome oxidase inhibition by formate is believed to result partly from depletion of ATP, reducing energy concentrations so that essential cell functions cannot be maintained. Furthermore, inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by formate may also cause cell death by increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) secondary to the blockade of the electron transport chain.

L-Dihydroorotic acid, also known as (S)-4,5-dihydroorotate or dihydro-L-orotate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. Within the cell, L-dihydroorotic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm and mitochon

1. Cornuside (Comuside) has immunomodulatory activity . 2. Cornuside suppresses expression levels of cytokine-induced proinflammatory and adhesion molecules in the human endothelial cells. 3. Cornuside can treat myocardial I R and protect the liver from CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity, by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing inflammatory responses. 4. Cornuside has anti-inflammatory activity by downregulations of iNOS and COX-2 due to NF-κB inhibition as well as the negative regulation of ERK1 2, p38, and JNK1 2 phosphorylations in RAW 264.7 cells. 5. Cornuside has protective potential against cerebral ischemic injury, may be due to the suppression of intracellular Ca(2+) elevation and caspase-3 activity, and improvements in mitochondrial energy metabolism and antioxidant properties.