mitochondria stress

Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits the biosynthesis of bacterial proteins. Chloramphenicol acts primarily on the 50S subunit of the bacterial 70S ribosome and is active against peptidyltransferases, inhibiting the formation of peptide bonds.

Nur77 modulator 1 is an effective Nur77 binder (KD = 3.58 μM) that up-regulates Nur77 expression, mediates its sub-cellular localization, induces Nur77-dependent ER stress and autophagy, and leads to cell apoptosis, demonstrating anti-hepatoma activity.

4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) (4-HNE) is an oxidative/nitrosative stress biomarker. It is a substrate and an inhibitor of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2).

SP11 is a mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor. It activates Fis1 with an IC50 of 9.4 µM by binding to Cys41 and enhances the translocation of Drp1 to mitochondria. SP11 is utilized for research into oxidative stress damage.

Mitoquinol is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant used in the study of cardiovascular disease by modulating the mitochondrial antioxidant defense system to reduce DEN-induced oxidative stress.

QD325 is a potent redox modulator for the Treatment of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Nascent RNA sequencing following treatments with QD325 revealed induction of stress responses in the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria of pancreatic ca

MitoPQ (MitoParaquat) is a mitochondria-targeted small molecule compound that selectively enhances mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide levels and inhibits insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and translocation of glucose transport protein 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane in adipocytes and myotubes.MitoPQ can be used to MitoPQ can be used to study mitochondrial oxidative stress and regulated GLUT4 transporter.

Vatiquinone, also known as EPI 743, is an orally bioavailable para-benzoquinone being developed for inherited mitochondrial diseases. The mechanism of action of EPI-743 involves augmenting the synthesis of glutathione, optimizing metabolic control, enhanc

PGBx is a mixture of oligomers of PGB1 with a molecular weight of 1,000-1,500. It has antioxidant and free radical trapping activity that was first studied in isolated mitochondria.1 PGBx has anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activity which may be attributed to inhibition of the 14 kDa sPLA2.2,3 At a dose of 1 mg/kg, PGBx significantly reduces the incidence of ulcers in rats.2References1. Polis, B.D., Polis, E., and Kwong, S. Protection and reactivation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by a stable free-radical prostaglandin polymer (PGBΧ). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76, 1598-1602 (1979).2. Kumashiro, R., Devlin, T.M., Kholoussy, A.M., et al. Prostaglandin BΧ in the prevention of stress ulcers in rats. International Surgery 70, 247-250 (1985).3. Franson, R.C., Rosenthal, M.D., and Regelson, W. Mechanism(s) of cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory activity of PGB1 oligomers: PGBx has potent anti-phospholipase A2 and anti-oxidant activity. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 43, 63-70 (1991). PGBx is a mixture of oligomers of PGB1 with a molecular weight of 1,000-1,500. It has antioxidant and free radical trapping activity that was first studied in isolated mitochondria.1 PGBx has anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activity which may be attributed to inhibition of the 14 kDa sPLA2.2,3 At a dose of 1 mg/kg, PGBx significantly reduces the incidence of ulcers in rats.2 References1. Polis, B.D., Polis, E., and Kwong, S. Protection and reactivation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by a stable free-radical prostaglandin polymer (PGBΧ). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76, 1598-1602 (1979).2. Kumashiro, R., Devlin, T.M., Kholoussy, A.M., et al. Prostaglandin BΧ in the prevention of stress ulcers in rats. International Surgery 70, 247-250 (1985).3. Franson, R.C., Rosenthal, M.D., and Regelson, W. Mechanism(s) of cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory activity of PGB1 oligomers: PGBx has potent anti-phospholipase A2 and anti-oxidant activity. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 43, 63-70 (1991).

IBTP is a lipophilic cation that is accumulated in mitochondria and forms stable thioether adducts in a thiol-specific manner. As a result, mitochondrial proteins that have changed thiol redox state following oxidative stress are selectively tagged with IBTP and can be separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and isolated. IBTP-tagged proteins can also be evaluated by immunoblotting using an antibody directed against the triphenylphosphonium moiety of the IBTP molecule. IBTP has also been used as a mitochondria-targeted soft electrophile to inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.

Demethyleneberberine, which is composed of a potential antioxidant structure, could penetrate the membrane of mitochondria and accumulate in mitochondria either in vitro or in vivo.Demethyleneberberine suppresses CYP2E1, hypoxia inducible factor α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, which contributes to oxidative stress and restored sirtuin 1/AMP-activated protein kinase/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α pathway-associated fatty acid oxidation in chronic ethanol-fed mice.

BI-6C9 is an inhibitor of tBid (Kd = 20 µM).BI-6c9 prevented MOMP and mitochondrial fission, and protected the cells from cell death.

FABPs ligand 6 (MF6) is a selective inhibitor of FABP5 and FABP7 that reduces levels of oxidative stress in the mouse spinal cord as well as lipopolysaccharide-stimulated interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α accumulation in primary astrocyte cultures.FABPs ligand 6 has a potent protective function in oligodendrocytes of EAE mice through FABP5 inhibition. mitochondria with a strong protective function.

NecroIr1, an iridium(III) complex, acts as a necroptosis inducer in Cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells (A549R). It selectively targets mitochondria, causing oxidative stress and reducing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). By activating receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3 (RIPK3) and Mixed Lineage Kinase (MLKL), and modulating CDK4 expression, NecroIr1 facilitates cell death mechanisms [1].

NecroIr2, an iridium(III) complex, functions as a necroptosis inducer in cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells (A549R). It preferentially accumulates in mitochondria, causing oxidative stress and a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Moreover, NecroIr2 initiates the activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL), while also regulating CDK4 expression [1].

RPS6-IN-1 (Compound 22o) inhibits cell migration and induces apoptosis (increasing the expression of Bax, p53, cleaved-caspase 3, and cleaved-PARP). It reduces mitochondrial membrane potential and activates autophagy (Autophagy) through the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, damaging mitochondria and lysosomes within the cell and causing endoplasmic reticulum stress. RPS6-IN-1 also inhibits the phosphorylation of RPS6. Notably, RPS6-IN-1 is a low systemic toxicity anticancer agent.