formalin

LP-935509 is a selective, brain-permeable, small molecule competitive inhibitor of articulin-2-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) with an IC50 of 3.3 nM and a Ki of 0.9 nM. LP-935509 is a potent inhibitor of BIKE (IC50 of 14 nM) and a moderate inhibitor of GAK (IC50 of 320±40 nM).

HC-030031 (TOSLAB 829227) is a potent TRPA1 inhibitor, which antagonizes AITC- and formalin-evoked calcium influx with IC50s of 6.2±0.2 and 5.3±0.2 μM, respectively.

ADR-851 HCl is an HT3 receptor antagonist. It works against mechanical, acute thermal, and formalin-induced inflammatory pain.

1. Methyl eugenol (4-allylveratrole) is a natural constituent of the essential oils of a number of plants widely used in foodstuffs as flavouring agents, in view of the carcinogenic potential of ME, the need to check its presence in food products with effective analytical methods. 2. Methyleugenol has insecticidal properties. 3. Methyleugenol can inhibit the production of nitric oxide and decreased the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, it down-regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ischemic brain as well as in immunostimulated mixed glial cells; indicates that methyleugenol could be useful for the treatment of ischemia/inflammation-related diseases. 4. Methyleugenol has cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. 5. Intravenous (i.v.) treatment with methyleugenol (ME) in either anesthetized or conscious rats elicits hypotension, an effect that seems related to an active vascular relaxation rather than withdrawal of sympathetic tone. 6. Methyleugenol has antinociceptive effect on the second phase of formalin-induced pain, may be due to the inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor-mediated hyperalgesia via GABA(A) receptors. 7. Methyleugenol has elaxant and antispasmodic actions on guinea-pig isolated ileum.

TRPV1 antagonist 11 (compound 2ac) is a highly potent TRPV1 antagonist with an IC50 of 29.3 nM. It also acts as a μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist with a Ki of 60.3 nM. This pyrimidinylpiperazine compound provides analgesic effects by antagonizing TRPV1 and activating MOR. In mouse models of formalin-induced pain, TRPV1 antagonist 11 demonstrates effective dose-dependent antinociceptive properties.

WB4-24 is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that enhances the release of β-endorphin in microglia. It exhibits antiallodynic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects in mouse models of inflammation induced by formalin, carrageenan, and CFA.

LP44 hydrochloride is a selective and potent 5-HT7 agonist (Ki:0.22 nM).LP44 hydrochloride has analgesic effects on formalin-induced orofacial pain in mice and can be used in the study of neuroinflammation.

TRK-380 (TAC-301) is an effective and selective β3-adrenergic receptor agonist. TRK-380 improves formalin-induced frequent urination in rats and carbachol-induced bladder contraction in dogs (a decrease of 37.6%).

Several different arachidonoyl amino acids, including N-arachidonoyl-L-alanine (NALA), have been isolated and characterized from bovine brain. The glycine congener (NAGly) was further characterized and found to suppress formalin-induced pain in rats. NALA may have activity at cannabinoid receptor and/or VR1, but has not been fully characterized to date.

Galanin (Human) (Acetate) is a 30-amino acid neuropeptide and galanin (GAL) receptor agonist.It inhibits forskolin-induced cAMP production in HEK293E cells expressing recombinant human GAL1 receptors (EC50= 0.031 nM) and stimulates inositol phosphate accumulation in CHO cells expressing recombinant human GAL2receptors (EC50= 12.3 nM).Human galanin induces contractions in isolated rat longitudinal fundus strips with an EC50value of 13.8 nM.Intrathecal administration of human galanin (3, 10, and 30 nmol/animal) reduces paw licking and flinching in the second, but not first, phase of the formalin test in rats.

Several different arachidonoyl amino acids, including N-arachidonoyl-3-hydroxy-γ-aminobutyric acid (NAG-3H-ABA), have been isolated and characterized from bovine brain. The glycine congener was further characterized and found to suppress formalin-induced pain in rats. NAG-3H-ABA was also found in rat brain by LC-MS techniques, but has not been fully characterized to date. Most arachidonoyl amino acids are poor ligands for the CB1 receptor.

Sec-O-Glucosylhamaudol (Hamaudol 3-glucoside) has anti-inflammatory effect through regulation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cell line. Intrathecal Sec-O-Glucosylhamaudol has a very strong antinociceptive effect in the formalin test and it seems the effect is related to an opioid receptor.

CM398 is an orally active chemical compound that acts as a highly selective ligand for the sigma-2 receptor (K i =0.43 nM), demonstrating a significant ratio of selectivity between sigma-1 and sigma-2 receptors (1000-fold). Moreover, CM398 exhibits notable affinity towards dopamine (K i =32.90 nM) and serotonin transporters (K i =244.2 nM). In addition, CM398 has shown promising efficacy as an anti-inflammatory analgesic in a mouse model of inflammatory pain induced by formalin [1].

DDPM-2571 is a highly potent and in vivo active inhibitor of GABA transporter subtype 1 with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, antidepressant and antinociceptive properties. DDPM-2571 was quickly distributed into the brain and was highly effective in the prevention of chemically-induced seizures (pentylenetetrazole and pilocarpine models) and 6-Hz convulsions. It demonstrated significant anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like properties. DDPM-2571 had antinociceptive properties, both in the hot plate test and in the second phase of the formalin test.

Tat-AKAP79 (326-336) is a peptide that links the HIV-1 Tat protein transduction domain with an 11-amino acid sequence from A-kinase anchor protein 79 (AKAP79). This compound effectively inhibits the activation-induced sensitization by protein kinase A (PKA) or PKC of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) at a concentration of 200 µM in isolated rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Additionally, it mitigates nocifensive behavior in mice elicited by formalin or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA014), enhances latency for paw withdrawal from radiant heat, and raises the mechanical threshold force required for paw withdrawal in a carrageenan-induced mouse model of inflammatory pain.

Palmitoleoyl Ethanolamide (POEA) is an endogenous fatty acid ethanolamide (FAE) and a member of the endocannabinoid-like family of molecules. It is a derivative of the monounsaturated fatty acid palmitoleic acid. Similar to the well-studied palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA), POEA is thought to exert biological effects by modulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α), G protein-coupled receptors (e.g., GPR119), or through the "entourage effect" by modulating endocannabinoid signaling. It has demonstrated potential activities in anti-inflammation, analgesia, and metabolic regulation.

Methyl eugenol (Standard) is a reference standard for research and analysis in studies involving Methyl eugenol. 1. Methyl eugenol (4-allylveratrole) is a natural constituent of the essential oils of a number of plants widely used in foodstuffs as flavouring agents, in view of the carcinogenic potential of ME, the need to check its presence in food products with effective analytical methods. 2. Methyleugenol has insecticidal properties. 3. Methyleugenol can inhibit the production of nitric oxide and decreased the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, it down-regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ischemic brain as well as in immunostimulated mixed glial cells; indicates that methyleugenol could be useful for the treatment of ischemia/inflammation-related diseases. 4. Methyleugenol has cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. 5. Intravenous (i.v.) treatment with methyleugenol (ME) in either anesthetized or conscious rats elicits hypotension, an effect that seems related to an active vascular relaxation rather than withdrawal of sympathetic tone. 6. Methyleugenol has antinociceptive effect on the second phase of formalin-induced pain, may be due to the inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor-mediated hyperalgesia via GABA(A) receptors. 7. Methyleugenol has elaxant and antispasmodic actions on guinea-pig isolated ileum.

Potent and selective melanocortin MC4 receptor antagonist (IC50 values are 0.5 and 44.9 nM at MC4 and MC3 respectively) that antagonizes the effects of α-MSH. Suppresses thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) release, attenuates food intake and reduces forma

Sodium Citrate Buffer (0.5M, pH 6.5) is a sodium citrate buffer with a pH of 6.5. It is a commonly used acidic biochemical buffer suitable for heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER) to reduce antigen masking caused by protein cross-linking in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. Sodium Citrate Buffer (0.5M, pH 6.5) also maintains stable pH within its effective buffering range, making it suitable for stabilizing certain proteins and enzymes.

Sodium Citrate Buffer, 0.5M, pH 5.0 is a sodium citrate buffer solution with a pH of 5.0. It is a commonly used acidic biochemical buffer suitable for heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER) to reduce antigen masking caused by protein cross-linking in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. Sodium Citrate Buffer, 0.5M, pH 5.0 also maintains a stable pH within its effective buffering range, making it suitable for stabilising certain proteins and enzymes.

Sodium Citrate Buffer, 0.1M, pH 4.0 is a sodium citrate buffer at pH 4.0, a commonly used acidic biochemical buffer. It improves RT-PCR amplification efficiency in long-term stored or formalin-fixed samples and is also suitable for antigen retrieval. Sodium Citrate Buffer, 0.1M, pH 4.0 also maintains stable pH values within its effective buffering range.

Sodium Citrate Buffer (0.5M, pH 5.5) is a sodium citrate buffer with pH of 5.5. It is a commonly used acidic biochemical buffer suitable for heat-induced epitope retrieval (HIER) to reduce antigen masking caused by protein cross-linking in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. Sodium Citrate Buffer (0.5M, pH 5.5) also maintains stable pH within its effective buffering range, making it suitable for stabilizing certain proteins and enzymes.