fatty liver

Lycorine (Narcissine) inhibits protein synthesis and may inhibit ascorbic acid biosynthesis, although studies on the latter are controversial and inconclusive.

Berberine sulfate (Berberal) is a quaternary ammonium salt of the benzylisoquinoline alkaloid proto-berberines, which can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes mellitus, abdominal obesity and metabolism-related fatty liver disease.

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a potent inhibitor of liver-specific fatty acid transporter 5 (FATP5). Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits cholesterol absorption and is used to dissolve gallstones.

Acetoacetic acid lithium salt (Lithium 3-Oxobutyrate) is a weak organic acid that can be produced in the human liver under certain conditions of poor Metabolism leading to excessive fatty acid breakdown (diabetes mellitus leading to diabetic ketoacidosis).

Increased levels of erucic acid (22:1n9) have been found in the red blood cell membranes of autistic subjects with developmental regression (PMID: 16581239 ). Erucic acid (13(Z)-Docosenoic Acid) is broken down long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, which is produced in the liver. This enzyme breaks this long chain fatty acid into shorter-chain fatty acids. human infants have relatively low amounts of this enzyme and because of this, babies should not be given foods high in erucic acid. Erucic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Butanoic acid is an endogenous human metabolite, an endogenous histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. The IC50 of HDAC3, HDAC4 and HDAC1 were 2.4 mM, 4.5 mM and 5.3 mM, respectively. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid has the effects of energy metabolism, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory, and improvement of insulin resistance.

1. Berberine (Umbellatine) is a potent oral hypoglycemic agent with beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. 2. Berberine may as a broad-spectrum anti-microbial medicine, a complementary therapeutic agent for HIV/AIDS. 3. Berberine seems to act as an herbal antidepressant and a neuroprotector against neurodegenerative disorders. 4. Berberine is used in histology for staining heparin in mast cells. As a natural dye, berberine has a colour index of 7516. 5. Berberine reduces hepatic fat content in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; also prevents proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are central for the development of fibrosis during liver injury. 6. Berberine can ameliorate proinflammatory cytokines-induced intestinal epithelial tight junction damage in vitro, and berberine may be one of the targeted therapeutic agents that can restore barrier function in intestinal disease states. 7. Berberine has antineoplastic effects, including breast cancer, leukemia, melanoma, epidermoid carcinoma, hepatoma, pancreatic cancer, oral carcinoma, tongue carcinoma, glioblastoma, prostate carcinoma and gastric carcinoma, etc.

Leucocyanidin (Leucocianidol) is an antiulcer compound extracted from Aesculus Hippocastanum Seeds. Leucocyanidin can be used to study non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Ajoene is a disulfide that has been found inA. sativumand has diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, anticancer, antiplatelet, and antioxidant properties.1,2,3,4It is active against Gram-positive (MICs = 5-160 µg/ml) and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 136-200 µg/ml), as well as yeasts (MICs = 10-20 µg/ml).1Ajoene is cytotoxic to mouse melanoma cells (IC50= 18 µM), as well as human colon, lung, mammary, and pancreatic cancer cells (IC50s = 7-41 µM).2It reduces tumor growth in a B16/BL6 mouse model of melanoma when administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg every other day and decreases the number of lung metastases when administered prior to tumor cell inoculation at doses ranging from 1-25 mg/kg. It inhibits ADP- or collagen-induced platelet aggregation in isolated baboon platelets when used at concentrations ranging from 75 to 150 µg/ml and in platelet-rich plasma isolated from baboons when administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg.3Ajoene (25 mg/kg) prevents thrombus formation on damaged arterial walls in heparinized pigs in anin situmodel of thrombogenesis.5It also reduces high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, histopathological markers of liver damage, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation, and protein oxidation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).4 1.Naganawa, R., Iwata, N., Ishikawa, K., et al.Inhibition of microbial growth by ajoene, a sulfur-containing compound derived from garlicAppl. Environ. Microbiol.62(11)4238-4242(1996) 2.Taylor, P., Noriega, R., Farah, C., et al.Ajoene inhibits both primary tumor growth and metastasis of B16/BL6 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 miceCancer Lett.239(2)298-304(2006) 3.Teranishi, K., Apitz-Castro, R., Robson, S.C., et al.Inhibition of baboon platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo by the garlic derivative, ajoeneXenotransplantation10(4)374-379(2003) 4.Han, C.Y., Ki, S.H., Kim, Y.W., et al.Ajoene, a stable garlic by-product, inhibits high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and oxidative injury through LKB1-dependent AMPK activationAntioxid. Redox Signal.14(2)187-202(2011) 5.Apitz-Castro, R., Badimon, J.J., and Badimon, L.A garlic derivative, ajoene, inhibits platelet deposition on severely damaged vessel wall in an in vivo porcine experimental modelThromb. Res.75(3)243-249(1994)

9-hydroxy Stearic Acid is a hydroxy fatty acid that is the active metabolite of 9-PAHSA. 9-hydroxy Stearic Acid is formed from 9-PAHSA through carboxyl ester lipase in the liver and pancreas. The 9-hydroxy Stearic Acid (5 μM) was stearic acid, which inhibited the expression of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) in the lysate of HT-29 colon cancer cells. 3. When the concentration was 100 μM.1, the proliferation of HT-29 cells was inhibited and cell cycle arrest was induced in G0/ g1 phase.

Lyso-globotriaosylceramide is a form of globotriaosylceramide that is lacking the fatty acyl group. It binds to Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) in the presence of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine but does not bind Stx2. It also reduces viability and aggregation of human neutrophils induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate when used at concentrations of 50 and 1 μM, respectively. Lyso-globotriaosylceramide accumulates in the brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen in a mouse model of Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme α-galactosidase A. It also accumulates in the urine, kidney, and plasma of patients with Fabry disease. Lyso-globotriaosylceramide levels decrease in response to administration of the α-galactosidase inhibitor 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin in a transgenic mouse model of Fabry disease. Decreases in plasma and urine concentrations of lyso-globotriaosylceramide have been used as a biomarker for efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and other therapies in the treatment of Fabry disease.

Taurohyodeoxycholic acid (THDCA) is a bile acid that plays a key role in regulating the hepatic inflammatory microenvironment.THDCA reduces the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 and inhibits the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is able to inhibit non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and regulate bile acid metabolism in combination with astragalus polysaccharides: it reduces CD36 expression in the liver and decreases hepatic lipid accumulation by up-regulating CYP7B1 and down-regulating CYP7A1.

Murideoxycholic Acid alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating the enterohepatic axis.

Neomangiferin (Mangiferin 7-glucoside) has beneficial effects on high fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Neomangiferin and mangiferin inhibit tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, a biochemical marker of osteoclast function and bone resorption.

1. (20R)-Protopanaxadiol ((20R)-Protopanaxdiol) has the effect of anti-tumor through increasing the activity of body immunity, inhibiting tumor interstitial microvascular density and its proliferation activity, improving the lymphocyte transformation, the activity of NK cells and the contents of IL-2 significantly. 2. (20R)-Protopanaxadiol prevents and heals obesity, fatty liver and hypertriglyceridemia in mice fed with a high-fat diet.

Yamogenin is a diastereomer of diosgenin, which we have identified as the compound responsible for the anti-hyperlipidemic effect of fenugreek.

Carbenoxolone (Biogastrone) is an inhibitor of 11β-HSD and gap junction connexin channels. Carbenoxolone inhibits macrophage migration into atria and prevents the development of fatty liver disease.

3-Epideoxycholic Acid is a secondary bile acid, a microbial metabolite of Deoxycholic acid. It targets the FXR receptor on dendritic cells, reducing their immunostimulatory properties, increasing Foxp3 induction, and promoting the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), thereby exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity.

DL-Tartaric acid (Standard) is the standard substance of DL-Tartaric acid, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. DL-Tartaric acid is a non-racemic mixture of L- and D-tartaric acid with antioxidant activity. By activating the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, it improves experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

DL-Tartaric acid is a non-racemic mixture of L- and D-tartaric acid with antioxidant activity. By activating the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, it improves experimental non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (Physalien) is a lutein carotenoid found in fruits with anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and anti-oxidative stress activity that attenuates ethanol-induced liver injury.Zeaxanthin dipalmitate restores mitochondrial autophagy, a function that has been inhibited by ethanol intoxication. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate protects degenerated photoreceptors in the retina of mice and improves visual acuity in a mouse model of photoreceptor degeneration, and may be used in studies of alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP).

Icariside E4 is a natural compound derived from Ulmus minor that acts via AMPK phosphorylation and inhibition of MID1IP2 hypolipidation in HepG1 cells.Icariside E4 has anti-injurious, antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer's and anti-inflammatory effects and inhibits SREBP-1c, liver X receptor-α (LXR) and FASN in Icariside E4 is an effective candidate for the treatment of fatty liver disease and has hypolipidemic potential in HepG1 cells.