fatty liver

Lycorine (Narcissine) inhibits protein synthesis and may inhibit ascorbic acid biosynthesis, although studies on the latter are controversial and inconclusive.

Vidofludimus (SC12267) (4SC-101, SC12267) is a novel small molecule inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH).

IMM-H007 is a novel lipid-lowering agent, increasing abca1 protein expression

Semaglutide is a long-acting, selective, competitive GLP-1R agonist and a long-acting analog of human glucagon-like peptide-1, exhibiting potent hypoglycemic, weight-loss, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective effects. Upon activation of the GLP-1R, semaglutide promotes insulin secretion, inhibits gastric emptying and appetite, while also enhancing autophagy and suppressing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Semaglutide also plays a role in regulating mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism. Semaglutide is being investigated for use in type 2 diabetes, obesity, Parkinson’s disease, metabolic and fatty liver diseases (MASLD), and other neurodegenerative and liver diseases, as well as in cancer research.

INT-777 (S-EMCA) is a potent, selective TGR5 agonist with an EC₅₀ of 0.82 μM. Following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats, INT-777 inhibits NLRP5-ASC inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation via the TGR3/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. INT-777 exhibits multiple effects, including metabolic regulation, anti-inflammatory activity, cholagogue effects, and vascular protection. INT-777 can be used in research on diseases such as metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and pulmonary arterial hypertension.

MSDC-0602K (Azemiglitazone potassium) (Azemiglitazone potassium) is a PPARγ-sparing thiazolidinedione (Ps-TZD) compound that binds to PPARγ with an IC50 of 18.25 μM. It also modulates the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC). This compound, MSDC-0602K, has potential applications in researching fatty liver conditions, including dysfunctional lipid metabolism, inflammation, and insulin resistance. MSDC-0602K acts as an insulin sensitizer, improving insulinemia and fatty liver disease in mice both individually and in combination with Liraglutide.

Berberine sulfate (Berberal) is a quaternary ammonium salt of the benzylisoquinoline alkaloid proto-berberines, which can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes mellitus, abdominal obesity and metabolism-related fatty liver disease.

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a potent inhibitor of liver-specific fatty acid transporter 5 (FATP5). Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits cholesterol absorption and is used to dissolve gallstones.

Royal Jelly Acid (Queen Bee Acid) is a major fatty acid found in royal jelly that promotes neuronal growth and protection and reduces anxiety. Royal Jelly Acid induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated apoptosis in A549 cells, improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by activating the AMPK-α signaling pathway, and reduces bone loss by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway downstream of FFAR4. Royal Jelly Acid also exhibits inhibitory effects against various bacteria and fungi, including Aspergillus niger, mold, and Staphylococcus aureus. By targeting aspartyl β-hydroxylase and inhibiting chondrocyte senescence, Royal Jelly Acid exerts a preventive and therapeutic effect against osteoarthritis.

Acetoacetic acid lithium salt (Lithium 3-Oxobutyrate) is a weak organic acid that can be produced in the human liver under certain conditions of poor Metabolism leading to excessive fatty acid breakdown (diabetes mellitus leading to diabetic ketoacidosis).

Increased levels of erucic acid (22:1n9) have been found in the red blood cell membranes of autistic subjects with developmental regression (PMID: 16581239 ). Erucic acid (13(Z)-Docosenoic Acid) is broken down long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, which is produced in the liver. This enzyme breaks this long chain fatty acid into shorter-chain fatty acids. human infants have relatively low amounts of this enzyme and because of this, babies should not be given foods high in erucic acid. Erucic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Butanoic acid is an endogenous human metabolite, an endogenous histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. The IC50 of HDAC3, HDAC4 and HDAC1 were 2.4 mM, 4.5 mM and 5.3 mM, respectively. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid has the effects of energy metabolism, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory, and improvement of insulin resistance.

1. Berberine (Umbellatine) is a potent oral hypoglycemic agent with beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. 2. Berberine may as a broad-spectrum anti-microbial medicine, a complementary therapeutic agent for HIV/AIDS. 3. Berberine seems to act as an herbal antidepressant and a neuroprotector against neurodegenerative disorders. 4. Berberine is used in histology for staining heparin in mast cells. As a natural dye, berberine has a colour index of 7516. 5. Berberine reduces hepatic fat content in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; also prevents proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are central for the development of fibrosis during liver injury. 6. Berberine can ameliorate proinflammatory cytokines-induced intestinal epithelial tight junction damage in vitro, and berberine may be one of the targeted therapeutic agents that can restore barrier function in intestinal disease states. 7. Berberine has antineoplastic effects, including breast cancer, leukemia, melanoma, epidermoid carcinoma, hepatoma, pancreatic cancer, oral carcinoma, tongue carcinoma, glioblastoma, prostate carcinoma and gastric carcinoma, etc.

URB-597 (FAAH Inhibitor II) is an effective, orally bioavailable FAAH inhibitor (IC50: 4.6 nM), and no effect on other cannabinoid-related targets.

Human Serum Albumin (HSA) is the most abundant protein in human plasma, is produced in the liver and is water soluble, with a molecular weight of 66.5 kDa. HSA inhibits Alzheimer's disease by selectively binding to cross-structured A oligomers. HSA is a key endogenous inhibitor of amyloid-β (Αβ) aggregation. HSA is used as a carrier protein in cell culture for the transport of fatty acids, steroids, and thyroid hormones and to regulate osmolality of the blood, and is also used in drug delivery studies, immunoassays, and cell freezing. cell freezing.

GOAT-IN-1 is an inhibitor of ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) that may be useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebrovascular dementia, and cerebral infarction.

Perhexiline maleate is an orally active inhibitor of CPT1 and CPT2, reducing fatty acid metabolism, with IC50 values of 77 μM and 148 μM against rat heart and liver CPT1, respectively.

PTUPB is a potent dual inhibitor of sEH and COX-2 enzymes with IC50 values of 0.9 nM and 1.26 μM, respectively.

Fezagepras (Setogepram) is an orally active GPR40 agonist and is an antagonist or inverse agonist of GPR84 with anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and anti-proliferative actions.

PCSK9-IN-29 serves as a lipid-lowering agent that enhances the expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) protein and reduces PCSK9 protein expression in hepG2 cells. Additionally, in crab-eating macaques on a high-fat diet, it lowers serum LDL-C, TC, and liver enzyme ALT levels, reduces body weight and fat, and boosts bone mineral content. PCSK9-IN-29 is useful for studies involving non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity.

KHK-IN-5 (Compound 18), a KHK inhibitor, is employed in the study of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

ZLY06 is a dual agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) δ and γ with oral activity (PPAR δ: EC50=341 nM; PPARγ: EC50=237 nM). It mediates the upregulation of CD36 and induces hepatic lipid accumulation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of AKT1. Moreover, ZLY06 significantly improves glucose and lipid metabolism without increasing body weight, primarily by enhancing the β-oxidation of fatty acids and reducing hepatic lipid synthesis, thereby alleviating fatty liver disease.

ALG-055009, a thyroid hormone receptor β (THR-β) agonist, exhibits an EC50 of 0.063 μM. It has been shown to reduce total cholesterol levels in rats fed a high-fat diet. ALG-055009 is used in the study of fatty liver diseases associated with metabolic dysfunction.

DGAT2-IN-3 (compound 9) is an inhibitor of DGAT2 with an IC50 value of 0.4 nM. It is utilized in research related to fatty liver disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.