endogenous metabolite

β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a natural nucleotide and a key intermediate in the synthesis of coenzyme I (NAD+). β-nicotinamide mononucleotide is involved in a number of biochemical reactions in the human body, which are related to immunity and metabolism.

3-Methyladenine (3-MA) is a PI3K inhibitor that selectively inhibits class IB PI3Kγ (IC50 = 60 μM) and class III VPS34 (IC50 = 25 μM). 3-Methyladenine inhibits autophagy.

Myricetin (Cannabiscetin) is a natural flavonoid and MEK1 inhibitor. Myricetin has hypoglycemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities.

SAH (SAH (S-Adenosylhomocysteine)) is an inhibitor for the METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer complex (METTL3-14, IC50: 0.9 μM).

Corticosterone (Kendall's compound B) is an adrenocortical steroid with salocorticoid and glucocorticoid activity that is orally active. Corticosterone is involved in the regulation of energy, immune responses, and stress responses in the body.

Urolithin A is a natural product, a metabolite of ellagic acid, which inhibits DNA synthesis and induces apoptosis and autophagy. Urolithin A exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities.

Uridine (Uridin) is a nucleoside compound, one of the four bases that make up RNA, that replaces thymine in DNA during transcription and pairs with adenine.

Dihydroxyfumaric acid is a known generator of superoxide anions and by hydroxyl free radicals. Dihydroxyfumarate exposure can cause insulin inhibitory effects. It can spontaneously convert to hydroxypyruvate or to oxaloglycolate.

Rapamycin (AY 22989) is a natural product of macrolides, an mTOR inhibitor with specificity (HEK293 cells: IC50=0.1 nM). Rapamycin has immunosuppressive activity and induces autophagy.

Produced in the gut microflora as one of the three main metabolites formed from the catechin diet. Its use in the production of glycol benzoates for the application of plasticizer in adhesive formulations is increasing. It is also used in the manufacture

trans-Cinnamic acid (Myricitrine) exerts anti-diabetic activity by improving glucose tolerance in vivo and by stimulating insulin secretion in vitro.

D-Lyxose (D-(-)-Lyxose) is used as a chiral building block.

Spermidine (N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane) inhibits NOS1 (nNOS). Spermidine binds and precipitates DNA and may be used for purification of DNA binding proteins. Spermidine activates PNK (polynucleotide kinase T4). Spermidine binds to and activates NMDA and has been shown to potentiate NMDA-induced currents in a concentration-dependent manner.

Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) is the 4-methanol form of vitaminB6 which is converted to pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid.

Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) is a ω-3 fatty acid abundantly available in marine organisms.

D-Ornithine monohydrochloride is an endogenous metabolite that regulates intramuscular hormone levels, and has been used in studies of dry skin and insomnia.3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is an endogenous metabolite that regulates intramuscular hormone levels.

(S)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid (L-(+)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid) is a normal human metabolite that has been found elevated in geriatric patients remitting from depression. (S)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA in humans, and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low.

4-Methylbiphenyl (4-Phenyltoluene) is a human endogenous metabolite.

O-PHOSPHO-L-SERINE is an ester of serine and phosphate, which are normal metabolites in human biofluids.O-phospho-L-serine is a phagocytosis inhibitor that inhibits glial cell proliferation and cone cell regeneration after photodamage.

2-Phenylbutanoic acid (2-Phenylbutyric acid) is used as an industrial intermediate.

L-Ornithine ((S)-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid) exhibits an anti-fatigue function by promoting ammonia excretion and enhancing energy consumption efficiency.

D-Phenylalanine, a necessary aromatic amino acid, is a precursor of thyroxine, dopamine, melanin, and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid (O-Methylsinapic acid) (TMCA) is one of the constituents of Polygalae Radix and may exert anti-seizure activity by acting at the GABAA/BZ receptor complex.

5,6-Dimethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazole) is an intermediate in Riboflavin metabolism and is the penultimate step in the synthesis of alpha-Ribazole. It is converted from Riboflavin and subsequently transformed into N1-(5-Phospho-alpha-D-ribosyl)-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole by the enzyme nicotinate-nucleotide--dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.21).

Cytidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-Cytidylic acid) is a nucleotide integral to RNA, comprising the nucleobase cytosine, pentose ribose, and phosphate groups.

5-Methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5MedCyd) is a pyrimidine nucleoside that when incorporated into single-stranded DNA can act in cis to signal de novo.

3,4-Dimethoxyphenylacetic acid (Homoveratrumic acid) is the papaverine intermediate, used to synthesis cardiovascular drugs.

Thymine is one of the four bases of DNA and is able to act as a target for 5-fluorouracil in animal cancer models with Km=2.3 μM.

L-Tryptophan (Tryptophane), an essential amino acid, is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid) and of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It can be a precursor to NIACIN, although inefficiently in mammals.

L-Alanyl-L-glutamine (Ala-Gln), a dipeptide composed of alanine and Gln, is an alternative supplement to L-glutamine in the production of biopharmaceuticals with better solubility and stability than glutamine (Gln).

4-Hydroxybenzyl cyanide (4-Hydroxyphenylacetonitrile) shows strong antioxidative activity.

D-Serine ((R)-Serine), an endogenous amino acid, is a potent co-agonist at the NMDA glutamate receptor.

Creatinine (NSC-13123) is the breakdown product of creatine, a constituent of muscle tissue, that is excreted by the kidney and whose serum level is used to evaluate kidney function.

Cytidine 5'-triphosphate disodium salt is one of the endogenous metabolites and is a cation-permeable ligand-gated ion channel agonist.

Formamide (NSC-748) is a metabolite used for biological monitoring of workers exposed to N-N-dimethylformamide (DMF). There is a case of significant association between ever having been exposed to DMF and subsequent development of prostate cancer.

D-Panthenol (D-Pantothenyl alcohol) is an alcoholic analogue of D-pantothenic acid and cholinergic agent. D-Panthenol acts as a precursor of coenzyme A necessary for acetylation reactions and is involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine. Although the exact mechanism of the actions of D-Panthenol is unclear, it may enhance the effect of acetylcholine. D-Panthenol acts on the gastrointestinal tract and increases lower intestinal motility. It is also applied topically to the skin to relieve itching and to promote healing.

7-Dehydrocholesterol (Provitamin D3) down-regulates cholesterol biosynthesis in cultured Smith-Lemi-Opitz syndrome skin fibroblasts.

Histamine (Ergamine) is an amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of HISTIDINE. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter.

Cholesteryl sulfate sodium (Sodium Cholesteryl Sulfate) is a sterol sulfate in human plasma. Cholesteryl sulfate sodium is a component of cell membrane and has a regulatory function. Cholesteryl sulfate sodium also activates multiple protein kinase C (PKC) iso-enzymes, especially the ε, η and ζ isoforms.

DEHP (Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) is utilized to impart softness and flexibility to PVC products. It has been implicated in obesity and insulin resistance, inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, and adversely affects the endocrine system.

1,3-Dithiane (1,3-Dithian) is a protected formaldehyde anion equivalent that could serve as a useful labeled synthon. 1,3-Dithiane is also a sulfur-containing Maillard reaction products found in boiled beef extracts.

Phenylglyoxylic acid (Benzoyl formate) is a metabolite of ethylbenzene and styrene

i-Inositol (myo-Inositol) is an intracellular phosphate compound involved in cell signaling and may stimulate tumor cell differentiation.

Nerolidol (Peruviol) shows sedative effects in animals, oxidative process plays a crucial role on neuronal pathological consequence. Nerolidol is mainly related to ROS and DNA single strand breaks generated by the presence of oxidative lesions.

5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position. Uridine 5'-monophosphate (Uridylic acid) is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside uridine. UMP consists of the phosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase uracil.

2'-Deoxyuridine (2-deoxyuridine). An antimetabolite that is converted to deoxyuridine triphosphate during DNA synthesis. Laboratory suppression of deoxyuridine is used to diagnose megaloblastic anemias due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies.

The physiologic effect of Methyl Paraben (Nipagin) is by means of Increased Histamine Release, and Cell-mediated Immunity. Methyl Paraben (Nipagin) is an antimicrobial agent, preservative, flavouring agent. Methyl Paraben (Nipagin) is a constituent of cloudberry, yellow passion fruit, white wine, botrytised wine and Bourbon vanilla.The physiologic effect of Methyl Paraben (Nipagin) has been shown to exhibit anti-microbial function.

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) is a natural product, an endogenous human metabolite, and a micronutrient. Riboflavin is essential for the formation of two major coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. Riboflavin is involved in energy metabolism, cellular respiration, and antibody production, as well as normal growth and development.