dpph radical

DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) is a cell-permeable, stable free radical commonly used to evaluate the free radical scavenging ability, hydrogen donation capacity of compounds, and to measure the antioxidant activity of tissue extracts.

Okanin shows significant activities on both linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition and DPPH radical scavenging effect.

Caulophylline B, an alkaloid extracted from the roots of Caulophyllum robustum Maxim, affords a low scavenging effect against DPPH radical.

AChE BuChE-IN-6 (Compound 11f) is an inhibitor of AChE and BuChE, with IC50 values of 1.24 and 1.85 μg mL, respectively. It exhibits strong DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 3.15 μg mL). In vivo toxicity studies demonstrate that AChE BuChE-IN-6 is safe, showing no significant differences in blood and biochemical parameters compared to controls, and no abnormalities in liver and kidney tissues. This compound shows potential for Alzheimer's disease research.

Maclurin (NSC-83240) is a phenolic component of mulberry twigs, exerts anti-metastatic effects. Maclurin effectively protects against OH-induced damages to DNA and MSCs and can be used in studies about the prevention of many diseases or MSCs transplantation.

Antiarol (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol) is a member of aromatic phenols and exhibits moderate DPPH free radical scavenging activity.

1. Nepitrin (Nepetin-7-glucoside) has antioxidant activity in human HL6 cells assessed as reduction of cytochrome-c release, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and inhibition of TPA-induced free radical formation.

Aspulvinone O is a fungal metabolite that has been found in P. variotti and has antioxidant and anticancer activities.1,2 It scavenges 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals in a cell-free assay (IC50 = 11.6 μM).1 Aspulvinone O inhibits aspartate transaminase 1 (GOT1; Kd = 3.32 μM) and is cytotoxic to PANC-1, AsPC-1, and SW1990 pancreatic cancer cells (IC50s = 20.54-26.8 μM).2 It reduces the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and induces apoptosis in SW1990 cells. Aspulvinone O (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) reduces tumor growth in an SW1990 mouse xenograft model. |1. Zhang, P., Li, X.-M., Wang, J.-N., et al. New butenolide derivatives from the marine-derived fungus Paecilomyces variotii with DPPH radical scavenging activity. Phytochem. Lett. 11, 85-88 (2015).|2. Sun, W., Luan, S., Qi, C., et al. Aspulvinone O, a natural inhibitor of GOT1 suppresses pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells growth by interfering glutamine metabolism. Cell Commun. Signal. 17(1), 111 (2019).

DTUN is a lipophilic hyponitrite radical initiator.1It initiates co-autoxidation of STY-BODIPY-embedded egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes when used at a concentration of 0.2 mM. DTUN has been used in fluorescence-enabled inhibited autoxidation (FENIX) assays for the development of ferroptosis inhibitors and the study of antioxidants in lipid membranes.1,2 1.Shah, R., Farmer, L.A., Zilka, O., et al.Beyond DPPH: Use of fluorescence-enabled inhibited autoxidation to predict oxidative cell death rescueCell Chem. Biol.26(11)1594-1607(2019) 2.Soula, M., Weber, R.A., Zilka, O., et al.Metabolic determinants of cancer cell sensitivity to canonical ferroptosis inducersNat. Chem. Biol.16(12)1351-1360(2020)

Methyl brevifolincarboxylate (Brevifolincarboxylic acid methyl ester) is a potent influenza virus PB2 cap-binding inhibitor, exhibiting inhibitory activity against influenza virus A Puerto Rico 8 34 (H1N1) and A Aichi 2 68 (H3N2) with IC50s of 27.16 μM and 33.41 μM, respectively, and possessing anti-oxidant activity[1][2].

5-Hydroxyoxindole has been identified as a urinary metabolite of indole, which is produced from tryptophane via the tryptophanase activity of gut bacteria [1]. 5-Hydroxyoxindole has lipid peroxidation inhibition activity and free radical DPPH scavenging

Rhodiosin is a compound with antioxidant activity.

(S)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropionic acid ((S)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)lactic acid) (compound 1) is a metabolite found in the culture medium of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, exhibiting significant DPPH radical-scavenging and antioxidative activities.

Tubuloside A ( 8.6 microM) can inhibit D-galactosamine-induced death of hepatocytes. Tubuloside A has NO radical-scavenging activity, which possibly contributes to its anti-inflammatory effects.Tubuloside A shows stronger free radical scavenging activitie

Antitumor agent-68 is a potent tubulin inhibitor exhibiting significant antitumor activity, with IC 50 values of 3.6 μM for HeLa and 3.8 μM for MCF-7 cells. It also demonstrates good scavenging activity of ROS and DPPH radicals in a dose-dependent manner [1].

α-Amylase-IN-3 (Compound 4) is a non-competitive inhibitor of α-Amylase with an IC50 value of 18.04 μM. It exhibits radical scavenging activities with IC50 values of 16.04 μM for DPPH and 16.99 μM for ABTS. α-Amylase-IN-3 demonstrates good protein–ligand interaction characteristics for α-Amylase, and may possess pharmacological activities, such as anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to the research of diabetes and oxidative stress-associated diseases[1].

Antioxidant Agent-7 (SD-7), a benzodiazepine derivative, exhibits antioxidant activity, demonstrated by its ability to scavenge the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical with an IC50 value of 470 nM.

Flavipin, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) agonist, activates Ahr downstream gene expression in mouse CD4+ T cells and CD11b+ macrophages. This compound disrupts the stabilizing effect of Arid5a on the newly identified target mRNA, Il23a 3′UTR. Additionally, Flavipin demonstrates significant antioxidant properties, evidenced by its DPPH free radical scavenging capability with an IC50 value of 7.2 μM, and exhibits potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 33.8 μM.

Epicoccone B, originally identified in C. globosum, demonstrates both DPPH free radical scavenging capability, with an IC50 of 10.8 μM, and significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with an IC50 of 27.3 μM. It also possesses anti-HIV activity [1] [2].

Maritimein, an aurone isolated from Coreopsis tinctoria, exhibits significant diphenyl(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 4.12 μM. It is utilized in cardiovascular disease research [1].

PD07 is an orally active acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, exhibiting an IC50 of 0.29 μM against human AChE, and demonstrates inhibition of cholinesterases (ChEs), β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) with an IC50 of 13.42 μM, as well as Aβ1–42 aggregation in vitro. Additionally, PD07 possesses antioxidant properties with a DPPH radical inhibition IC50 value of 26.46 μM and has been shown to ameliorate memory and cognitive deficits in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats. This compound is relevant for Alzheimer's disease research [1].

Compound 5j, also known as TrxR1-IN-1, is a TrxR1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 8.8 μM. It exhibits anticancer activity, demonstrating IC50 values of 1.5 μM in MCF-7, 1.7 μM in HeLa, 2.4 μM in BGC-823, 2.8 μM in SW-480, and 2.1 μM in A549 cells. Additionally, TrxR1-IN-1 possesses antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging the DPPH radical [1].

Isorabaichromone exhibits potent antioxidative properties, including DPPH radical and superoxide anion scavenging activities [1].

MHLWAAK TFA, an antioxidant peptide derived from the pancreatin hydrolysate of C-phycocyanin, exhibits potent DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging properties. It effectively shields zebrafish larvae against oxidative damage induced by H2O2 [1].