dpph radical

Epirosmanol is a diterpenoid containing a lactone moiety. Epirosmanol is a very weakly basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).

DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) is a cell-permeable, stable free radical commonly used to evaluate the free radical scavenging ability, hydrogen donation capacity of compounds, and to measure the antioxidant activity of tissue extracts.

5,6,7-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone is an antioxidant natural product exhibiting an IC₅₀ of 25.29 μM in DPPH radical scavenging activity assays on PC12 cells.

Caulophylline B, an alkaloid extracted from the roots of Caulophyllum robustum Maxim, affords a low scavenging effect against DPPH radical.

AChE/BuChE-IN-6 (Compound 11f) is an inhibitor of AChE and BuChE, with IC50 values of 1.24 and 1.85 μg/mL, respectively. It exhibits strong DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 3.15 μg/mL). In vivo toxicity studies demonstrate that AChE/BuChE-IN-6 is safe, showing no significant differences in blood and biochemical parameters compared to controls, and no abnormalities in liver and kidney tissues. This compound shows potential for Alzheimer's disease research.

Maclurin (NSC-83240) is a phenolic component of mulberry twigs, exerts anti-metastatic effects. Maclurin effectively protects against OH-induced damages to DNA and MSCs and can be used in studies about the prevention of many diseases or MSCs transplantation.

BRCA2-IN-1 (Compound 3j) is a potential BRCA2 inhibitor with antiproliferative activity against the breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. This compound also demonstrates DPPH radical scavenging ability, with an IC50 value of 12.36 µM.

PQM-244 (Compound 5c) is an orally active multi-target modulator that acts on TRPV1, CB1, and CB2 receptors. It exhibits significant peripheral analgesic effects during both neurogenic and inflammatory phases. PQM-244 also shows potential antioxidant activity with a DPPH radical scavenging IC50 of 14.15 µM. This compound is applicable for research into chronic pain and inflammatory diseases, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.

BChE/MAO-B-IN-2 is a dual inhibitor with excellent blood-brain barrier permeability, targeting BChE (IC50 = 0.05 μM, Ki = 0.01 μM) and MAO-B (IC50 = 0.45 μM, Ki = 0.08 μM). It exhibits antioxidant properties, including DPPH radical scavenging, CUPRAC copper ion reduction, and superoxide anion scavenging. BChE/MAO-B-IN-2 is applicable in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research.

MAO-B-IN-48 is a selective inhibitor of MAO-B with an IC50 of 0.09 μM and Ki of 0.02 μM. It also demonstrates inhibitory activity against hBChE (IC50= 1.10 μM, Ki= 0.43 μM) and AChE (IC50= 0.56 μM, Ki= 0.14 μM). MAO-B-IN-48 disrupts the self-induced aggregation of toxic β-amyloid peptides and exhibits antioxidant properties, including DPPH radical scavenging, CUPRAC copper ion reduction, and superoxide anion scavenging. This compound is applicable in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research.

ALR2-IN-9 is a potent inhibitor of ALR2 with an IC50 of 21.8 nM, demonstrating excellent antioxidant activity with an EC50 of 2.8 μM in DPPH free radical scavenging. It directly interacts with reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), blocking free radical chain reactions, and acts as an endogenous enzyme antioxidant regulator to modulate catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme functions. By influencing the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway, ALR2-IN-9 inhibits excessive mitochondrial superoxide production induced by hyperglycemia in vitro and ameliorates oxidative stress induced by CuSO4 and H2O2 in vivo models. The compound also extends the lifespan of *Caenorhabditis elegans* by regulating stress response genes such as PMK-1 and shows potential as an anti-aging candidate. ALR2-IN-9 can be utilized in diabetes complication research.

A2AAR antagonist 5 is a selective A2AAR antagonist that inhibits NECA-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in hA2AAR-expressing CHO cells, with an IC50 of 1863 nM. It also shows strong free radical scavenging activity, with an EC50 of 22.21 μM in the DPPH assay. Notably, A2AAR antagonist 5 exhibits significant neuroprotective effects in in vitro models of cerebral ischemia and is applicable for research in cerebral ischemia studies.

Tyrosinase-IN-44 (Compound 3) is a tyrosinase inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.47 μM for monophenolase and 0.53 μM for diphenolase. It exhibits excellent glutathione peroxidase-like catalytic activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity. In banana and apple juice, Tyrosinase-IN-44 shows strong anti-browning activity by directly inhibiting polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and providing antioxidant effects. It is useful for redox regulation and food preservation.

Antiarol (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol) is a member of aromatic phenols and exhibits moderate DPPH free radical scavenging activity.

1. Nepitrin (Nepetin-7-glucoside) has antioxidant activity in human HL6 cells assessed as reduction of cytochrome-c release, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and inhibition of TPA-induced free radical formation.

Aspulvinone O is a fungal metabolite that has been found in P. variotti and has antioxidant and anticancer activities.1,2 It scavenges 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals in a cell-free assay (IC50 = 11.6 μM).1 Aspulvinone O inhibits aspartate transaminase 1 (GOT1; Kd = 3.32 μM) and is cytotoxic to PANC-1, AsPC-1, and SW1990 pancreatic cancer cells (IC50s = 20.54-26.8 μM).2 It reduces the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and induces apoptosis in SW1990 cells. Aspulvinone O (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) reduces tumor growth in an SW1990 mouse xenograft model. |1. Zhang, P., Li, X.-M., Wang, J.-N., et al. New butenolide derivatives from the marine-derived fungus Paecilomyces variotii with DPPH radical scavenging activity. Phytochem. Lett. 11, 85-88 (2015).|2. Sun, W., Luan, S., Qi, C., et al. Aspulvinone O, a natural inhibitor of GOT1 suppresses pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells growth by interfering glutamine metabolism. Cell Commun. Signal. 17(1), 111 (2019).

DTUN is a lipophilic hyponitrite radical initiator that efficiently initiates lipid peroxidation. It serves as a specialized tool for ferroptosis research. By generating active free radicals within lipophilic environments, DTUN triggers the chain oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes, thereby inducing the ferroptotic process. Unlike enzyme-inhibiting inducers, DTUN acts as a direct source of oxidative stress and is frequently used to evaluate the protective efficacy of antioxidants, such as hydropersulfides, against oxidative damage.

Methyl brevifolincarboxylate (Brevifolincarboxylic acid methyl ester) is a potent influenza virus PB2 cap-binding inhibitor, exhibiting inhibitory activity against influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) and A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) with IC50s of 27.16 μM and 33.41 μM, respectively, and possessing anti-oxidant activity[1][2].

5-Hydroxyoxindole has been identified as a urinary metabolite of indole, which is produced from tryptophane via the tryptophanase activity of gut bacteria [1]. 5-Hydroxyoxindole has lipid peroxidation inhibition activity and free radical DPPH scavenging

Rhodiosin is a compound with antioxidant activity.

(S)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropionic acid ((S)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)lactic acid) (compound 1) is a metabolite found in the culture medium of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, exhibiting significant DPPH radical-scavenging and antioxidative activities.

Tubuloside A ( 8.6 microM) can inhibit D-galactosamine-induced death of hepatocytes. Tubuloside A has NO radical-scavenging activity, which possibly contributes to its anti-inflammatory effects.Tubuloside A shows stronger free radical scavenging activitie

Antitumor agent-68 is a potent tubulin inhibitor exhibiting significant antitumor activity, with IC 50 values of 3.6 μM for HeLa and 3.8 μM for MCF-7 cells. It also demonstrates good scavenging activity of ROS and DPPH radicals in a dose-dependent manner [1].

α-Amylase-IN-3 is a multi-target inhibitor of α-amylase (IC50=18.04 μM) and cholinesterases (AChE/BChE). It exhibits antioxidant activity for diabetes and neurodegeneration research.