Elevate

Fenhexamid (Elevate), a sterol biosynthesis inhibitor, shows antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungus. Fenhexamid is used for agriculture and is present in measurable amounts in fruits and vegetables.

BD-AcAc 2 (Ketone Ester) is a ketone monoester and can be used as a source of oral nutritional ketones. BD-AcAc 2 can elevate plasma levels of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, blood Na+, blood glucose levels and blood creatinine levels after oral administration in mice. BD-AcAc 2 can partly prevent muscle weakness in septic mice. BD-AcAc 2 exhibits potential to improve endurance and exercise performance in animal body. BD-AcAc 2 can also be used to research diabetes or Parkinson's disease.

L-Pyroglutamic acid (pidolic acid), a cyclized derivative of the L-GLUTAMIC ACID, can elevate blood levels. This function may be associated with problems of GLUTATHIONE or GLUTAMINE metabolism.

(S)-Malic acid ((S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid) is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid found in many sour foods, such as apples, and contributes to the sourness of green apples and tartness of wine, although its concentration decreases with fruit ripeness (wikipedia). In its ionized form, it is called malate, an intermediate in the TCA cycle alongside fumarate, and can be formed from pyruvate through anaplerotic reactions. In humans, malic acid is derived from food sources and synthesized in the body via the citric acid cycle in mitochondria, playing a crucial role in energy production under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Under aerobic conditions, malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate, providing reducing equivalents via the malate-aspartate redox shuttle, while during anaerobic conditions, its simultaneous reduction to succinate and oxidation to oxaloacetate removes excess reducing equivalents, reversing hypoxia's inhibition of glycolysis and energy production. Studies on rats have shown that tissue malate depletes following exhaustive physical activity, suggesting that malic acid deficiency may cause physical exhaustion. Administering malic acid to rats has been shown to elevate mitochondrial malate, increasing mitochondrial respiration and energy production.

Polydatin (Piceid), the glycoside of Resveratrol, is originally isolated from the Chinese herb Polygonum cuspidatum. The compound can inhibit platelet aggregation and elevate the ratios of LDL-C HDL-C and TC HDL-C. In the myocardial cell, white blood cell, vascular smooth muscle cell, and endothelial cell, Polydatin can inhibit ICAM-1 expression, elevate Ca2+, weaken white blood cell-endothelial cell adhesion, and activate KATP channels.

119-23 is an ionizable cationic lipid frequently utilized in the preparation of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for in vivo mRNA delivery. Lipid nanoparticles that include 119-23 and encapsulate mRNA reporter molecules demonstrate a higher transfection efficiency in mouse muscle compared to LNPs containing SM-102 or DLin-MC3-DMA. Additionally, the accumulation of 119-23-containing LNPs in immune cells within the liver and spleen of mice is significantly greater than that of LNPs with SM-102. Furthermore, LNPs containing 119-23 and encoding human erythropoietin (hEPO) mRNA can elevate serum hEPO levels in mice.

6,6′-Trehalose dioleate (6,6′-TDO) is a glycolipid extensively used for in vivo and in vitro mRNA delivery. This compound effectively encapsulates mRNA encoding hemagglutinin A (HA) from influenza A virus for use within lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), enhancing the secretion of Ifn-γ, Il-2, and Tnf-α from isolated murine spleen cells. When administered via intramuscular injection in mice, LNPs containing 6,6′-TDO predominantly accumulate in the liver and spleen. Unlike LNP formulations without 6,6′-TDO, those containing 6,6′-TDO do not reduce serum levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) or elevate levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), troponin I, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), or aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Additionally, these LNPs enhance the serum titers of IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies in mice.

PPI-1040 is an innovative ethyl ether phospholipid compound. When used concurrently with the same dosage of the ether lipid precursor PPI-1011, it does not effectively elevate phospholipid levels or reduce hyperactivity. Conversely, treatment with PPI-1040 effectively normalizes hyperactive behavior in mice.

Brl 26314 can elevate HDL-cholesterol in rats.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α, δ, γ are ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis as well as insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Pharmacologies of PPARδ receptor agonists, though relatively obscure, have recently been reported to elevate high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and lower plasma triglyceride (TG) levels in obese insulin resistant rhesus monkeys. CAY10592 is a full PPARδ agonist (EC50 = 30 nM) in a fatty acid oxidation assay of rat L6 muscle cells with desirable oral pharmacokinetic properties. In a transactivation assay using human PPAR receptors, CAY10592 acts as a selective partial PPARδ agonist (EC50 = 53 nM) with no effect on PPARα or PPARγ activity up to 30 μM. Chronic treatment of high fat fed ApoB100/CETP-transgenic mice with CAY10592 at a dose of 20 mg/kg increases HDL levels, decreases LDL and TG levels, and improves insulin sensitivity.

D-DOPA is an enantiomer of the dopamine precursor L-DOPA . It can be converted to L-DOPAviasequential oxidation and transamination, which are mediated by D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) and DOPA transaminase, respectively, in rat kidney homogenates.1It reduces the number of dopaminergic neurons in primary rat embryonic mesencephalic cultures in a concentration-dependent manner.2Intraventricular administration of D-DOPA (200 μg/animal) increases striatal dopamine levels in rats.3D-DOPA (20 mg/kg, i.p.) induces contralateral turns in a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by 6-OHDA .4 1.Wu, M., Zhou, X.-J., Konno, R., et al.D-dopa is unidirectionally converted to L-dopa by D-amino acid oxidase, followed by dopa transaminaseClin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol.33(11)1042-1046(2006) 2.Ling, Z.-D., Pieri, S.C., and Carvey, P.M.Comparison of the neurotoxicity of dihydroxyphenylalanine stereoisomers in cultured dopamine neuronsClin. Neuropharmacol.19(4)360-365(1996) 3.Karoum, F., Freed, W.J., Chuang, L.-W., et al.D-dopa and L-dopa similarly elevate brain dopamine and produce turning behavior in ratsBrain Res.440(1)190-194(1988) 4.Moses, J., Siddiqui, A., and Silverman, P.B.Sodium benzoate differentially blocks circling induced by D-and L-dopa in the hemi-parkinsonian ratNeurosci. Lett.218(3)145-148(1996)

[Leu31,Pro34]-Neuropeptide Y(human,rat) TFA acts as a specific agonist for the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor and also activates Y4 and Y5 receptors, elevating blood pressure in anesthetized rats and enhancing food intake [1] [2].

Demoxytocin, an analog of oxytocin and a heterodetic cyclic peptide, enhances cell membrane permeability to elevate calcium ion levels in smooth muscle cells, thereby augmenting contraction, including the smooth muscles of the uterus. This compound mirrors oxytocin's function and is utilized in studies focusing on labor induction following premature rupture [1].

H-Ser-Tyr-OH, a dipeptide comprising serine and tyrosine (incorrectly described as consisting of glutamic acid, glycine, and histidine), exhibits a significant capability to form a copper(II) complex with copper ions, enhancing its strong free radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, this compound has been shown to elevate the intracellular uptake of the delta opioid receptor ligand deltorphin [1].

Ac-DArg-c[Cys-Glu-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Cys]-NH2 is a synthetic cyclic octapeptide acting as a melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist, significantly elevating heart rate and blood pressure [1].

Stressin I (Cyclo(31-34)[DPhe12, Nle21, 38, Glu31, Lys34]Ac-hCRF(4-41)) TFA, with a K i of 1.7 nM, is a potent and selective agonist of the CRF1 receptor that elevates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels in rats [1].

PTH (2-38) (human) plays a role in bone anabolism and can elevate serum levels of INS-PTH (complete N-terminal specific PTH) [1].

Kisspeptin-10, a neuropeptide present in the brains, ovaries, and testes of zebrafish, plays a critical role in gonadal development and steroid expression. At a concentration of 10 ng/ml, it enhances the mRNA levels for the luteinizing hormone (Lh) receptor and both progestin receptor a (Pra) and Prb in zebrafish ovarian follicles. In female goldfish, doses of 0.1 and 1 µg/g of Kisspeptin-10 elevate serum levels of luteinizing hormone, with no similar effect observed in male goldfish.

1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-rac-glycerol, a diacylglycerol, features palmitic acid at the sn-1 position and oleic acid at the sn-2 position. Detected in crude sunflower lecithin, its levels elevate in RINm5F rat insulinoma cells following treatment with oleate, elaidate, or trans-vaccenate.

Cacodylic acid, employed extensively in buffers for electron microscopy techniques and in introducing arsenic into proteins for single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) phasing in protein crystallography, has been found to elevate tumor formation risk in the bladder, kidney, liver, and thyroid gland of rats exposed to carcinogens, at concentrations starting from as low as 50 ppm for the bladder.

HDAC-IN-56 ((S)-17b), an orally active inhibitor of class I histone deacetylase (HDAC), exhibits inhibitory constants (IC 50) of 56.0 ± 6.0 nM for HDAC1, 90.0 ± 5.9 nM for HDAC2, 422.2 ± 105.1 nM for HDAC3, and greater than 10,000 nM for HDAC4-11. This compound displays robust antitumor activity [1], marked by its ability to significantly elevate intracellular acetylhistone H3 and P21 levels, while also inducing G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis effectively.

Progranulin Modulator-1 (Compound 60) is an orally active compound that promotes progranulin (PGRN) secretion. It enhances the ability of BV-2 cells to elevate PGRN levels, exhibits low cytotoxicity, and possesses an inhibitory effect on hERG. The EC50 for PGRN is 83 nM, and the IC50 for hERG is 3100 nM [1].

Eticlopride is a potent and selective D2 receptor antagonist that has been studied in rats with extensive dopamine denervation induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. Administering Eticlopride daily for 21 days increases D2 receptor density in intact brain regions; however, it does not further elevate the already increased density in denervated areas. Despite changes in receptor density, functional sensitivity remains evident, as demonstrated by the contralateral rotations induced by the D2 agonist quinpirole during the washout period. This study suggests that chronic D2 receptor blockade and dopamine denervation may share a common mechanism in upregulating D2 receptor density, contrary to previous reports of additive effects with denervation and antagonist treatment.

Forskolin is known to elevate intracellular cAMP levels.