rna viruses

Remdesivir (GS-5734) is a nucleoside analog, a broad-spectrum antiviral compound that exerts its activity by inhibiting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of viruses. Remdesivir is active against Ebola, SARS, and MERS viruses, and is potentially therapeutic against COVID-19.

Umifenovir hydrochloride (Arbidol HCl) , an broad-spectrum antiviral chemical agent, can inhibit cell invade of enveloped viruses by blocking viral fusion with host cell membrane.

Ribavirin (Tribavirin) is a synthetic nucleoside analog of ribofuranose with activity against hepatitis C virus and other RNA viruses.

Mycophenolic acid (Mycophenolate) is an inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase(IMPDH) inhibitor with anti-proliferative activity.

Moroxydine hydrochloride (ABOB hydrochloride) is a synthetic antiviral drug chemically belonging to the series of the heterocyclic biguanidines. It has antiviral activity and is helpful in the prevention and treatment of influenza.

Galidesivir is a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) inhibitor and broad spectrum antiviral nucleotide.In vitro, galidesivir displays antiviral activity against a range of RNA viruses, including bunyaviruses, arenaviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses, and flaviviruses (EC50values range from 3 μM to >100 μM). Galidesivir protects against Ebola and Marburg viral infection in animal models.

KIN101 (3-(4-Bromophenyl)-7-[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]-4-oxo-4H-chromene), an isoflavone agonist of IRF-3 dependent signaling, induces IRF-3 nuclear translocation. KIN101 has antiviral activity against RNA viruses, HCV, and RSV.

NHC-triphosphate triammonium is an active phosphorylated intracellular metabolite of β-d-N4-Hydroxycytidine (NHC) as a triphosphate form[1]. NHC-triphosphate triammonium is a weak alternative substrate for the viral polymerase and can be incorporated into HCV replicon RNA[1][2]. In an intracellular metabolism assay, HCV replicon cells are treated with 10 μM 3H-labeled NHC, and intracellular nucleotide levels are determined after 1, 2 and 8 hours incubations. NHC is rapidly convered into the mono-, di-, and triphosphate forms, and NHC-TP reaches up to 71.12 pM after 8 hours[1].NHC-triphosphate triammonium (NHC-TP) (5-40 μM) absence leads to full-length polymerization products, it can be a weak alternative substrate. In addition, incorporation of NHC-TP instead of CTP increases the molecular weight of the polymerization product by 16 (one extra oxygen) for each event and an obvious electrophoretic shift is observed in cell-free HCV NS5B polymerization reactions[1].Huh-7 cells are incubated with (10-50 μM; 4 h) NHC or a McGuigan phosphoramidate prodrug of NHC. Intracellular levels of the parental compounds and phosphorylated metabolites are measured using LC-MS/MS. Small amounts of NHC-monophosphate (MP) and NHC-diphosphate (DP) can be observed, while NHC-triphosphate triammonium remains the most abundant metabolite[2].NHC-triphosphate triammonium (NHC-TP) metabolite may directly target the viral polymerase and behave as a nonobligate chain terminator. It plays a prominent role in inhibiting early negative-strand RNA synthesis, either through chain termination or mutagenesis, which may in turn interfere with correct replicase complex formation. [1]. Stuyver LJ,et al. Ribonucleoside analogue that blocks replication of bovine viral diarrhea and hepatitis C viruses in culture.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Jan;47(1):244-54. [2]. Maryam Ehteshami, et al. Characterization of β-d- N4-Hydroxycytidine as a Novel Inhibitor of Chikungunya Virus.

RdRP-IN-8 (compound 45) is an antiviral agent targeting influenza viruses. It inhibits the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity by disrupting the heterodimerization of the PA and PB1 subunits, with an IC50 value of 0.13 μM.

LJ-001 shows broad-spectrum activity against virtually all enveloped RNA and DNA viruses. LJ001 inhibits the infection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV).

Favipiravir sodium is a selective inhibitor of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase with activity against many RNA viruses, influenza viruses, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus as well as other flaviviruses, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses and alphaviruses.

Funiculosin, a neutral lipophilic antibiotic, demonstrates inhibitory effects against both DNA and RNA viruses, in addition to possessing antifungal properties. It effectively combats infections induced by pathogenic fungi within primary chicken embryo fibroblasts [1].

FIT-039 is a selective and ATP-competitive, orally active inhibitor of CDK9( IC50 : 5.8 μM;CDK9 cyclin T1). FIT-039 inhibits replication of HSV-1 (IC50 of 0.69 μM), HSV-2, human adenovirus, and human CMV. FIT-039 is a promising antiviral agent for inhibiting drug-resistant HSVs and other DNA viruses.

ATV03 is an antiviral agent exhibiting potent activity against both type A and type B influenza viruses. It inhibits the type A (H3N2) and type B influenza viruses with EC50 values of 0.78 nM and 2.02 nM, respectively. The mechanism of action of ATV03 involves the inhibition of the polymerase acidic protein (PA) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), as well as the disruption of nucleoprotein, thereby exerting its antiviral effects against influenza.

FLS-359, a selective and orally active allosteric modulator for sirtuin 2, has an IC50 of 3 μM. It displays antiviral activity against both RNA and DNA viruses by inhibiting DNA RNA replication [1].

LDC4297 hydrochloride is a selective and efficient CDK7 inhibitor with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. It inhibits herpesvirus, adenovirus, poxvirus, retrovirus, and positive-strand RNA viruses. It can be used for research on viral infections.

Aranotin is a fungal toxin isolated from Arachniotus aureus with activity against RNA viruses such as poliovirus, coxsackie virus, and rhino- and parainfluenza viruses. Aranotin inhibits viral RNA synthesis by impeding the activity of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

PI4KIIIbeta-IN-11 is a PI4KIIIβ inhibitor (mean pIC50=9.1) that can be used to study diseases caused by RNA viruses and Plasmodium falciparum.

Aristeromycin (U 99468) is a broad-spectrum antiviral antibiotic that targets RNA viruses and is an inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AHCY).

2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro-l-uridine, an L-nucleoside compound, is a potent and selective inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase, effectively inhibiting RNA virus replication [1].

BMS-824 is a potent NS5A inhibitor. The 50% inhibition of HCV replicon replication for BMS-824 was approximately 5 nM, with a therapeutic index of >10,000. BMS-824 showed good specificity for HCV, as it was not active against several other RNA and DNA viruses.

Pinafide is a rodenticide and anti-protozoal agent. Pinafide shows strong cytostatic activity against both HeLa and KB cells and is moderately toxic to both mice and rats. It has been proved active against experimental tumors and shown to be inhibitor of two DNA viruses. Pinafide blocks cell growth by inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis. It has been shown to bind to double-helical DNA by intercalation. Pinafide inhibited the activity of M. tuberculosis NAD⁺-dependent DNA ligase A at concentrations of 50 uM. At the chemical screening was found that pinafide inhibited B-Myb transcriptional activity in luciferase assays. The cross placental-barrier studies showed that 3H-pinafide was present in the 14-day fetuses.

Mycophenolic acid sodium is a potent uncompetitive inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) with an EC50 of 0.24 μM, exhibiting broad antiviral activity against RNA viruses, including influenza, along with immunosuppressive properties and antiangiogenic and antitumor effects [1][2].

Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate (Glycyram) inhibits the cytopathology and growth of several unrelated DNA RNA viruses.