protozoa

Tizoxanide (Desacetyl-nitazoxanide) is a metabolite of lamivudine. Lamivudine (2', 3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine, commonly called 3TC) is a potent nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (nRTI).

Dermaseptin acetate, a peptide isolated from frog skin, exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and protozoa at micromolar concentration[1].

Lasalocid A ammonium is an amine-selective ion carrier and feed additive with antimicrobial activity and antibiotic, growth-promoting properties, inhibits the protozoa of falciparum malaria, and can be used in the study of microbial infections.

Pentamidine dihydrochloride (MP-601205 dihydrochloride) is an aromatic diamidine agent effective against various microorganisms, including protozoa (Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania spp., and Babesia spp.) and fungi (Pneumocystis jirovecii). It is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases and phosphatase of regenerating liver. Pentamidine dihydrochloride inhibits the parasite Leishmania infantum with an IC50 of 2.5 μM.

DNDI-6148 has anti-experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis activity and can be used to study visceral leishmaniasis by inhibiting Leishmania protozoa cleavage and polyadenylation-specific factor (CPSF3) endonuclease.

Secnidazole (PM-185184) is a second-generation 5-nitroimidazole antimicrobial that is structurally related to other 5-nitroimidazoles including [DB00916] and [DB00911], but displays improved oral absorption and longer terminal elimination half-life than antimicrobial agents in this class [A27210]. Secnidazole is selective against many anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and protozoa.

Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Acidum iopanoicum) inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. It is a chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa.

Metronidazole (Metronidazol) is a synthetic nitroimidazole derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activities.

Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride is a tetracycline with broad-spectrum antibacterial and antiprotozoal activity. Chlortetracycline hydrochloride (Isphamycin) is bacteriostatic and inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing the addition of amino acids to the growing peptide chain. This tetracycline is active against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, spirochetes, rickettsial species, certain protozoa and Mycoplasma and Chlamydia organisms.

Nitazoxanide (NSC-697855) is a synthetic benzamide with antiprotozoal activity. Nitazoxanide exerts its antiprotozoal activity by interfering with the pyruvate ferredoxin flavodoxin oxidoreductase dependent electron transfer reaction.

Berberine hydrogen sulphate (Umbellatine Sulfate) , an alkaloid extracted from several plants, possesses antimicrobial activity against a wide variety of microorganisms including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.

Cloxiquine (Dermofongin) is a monohalogenated 8-hydroxyquinoline with activity against bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.

Narasin is a novel agent that inhibits dengue virus replication in vitro through non-cytotoxic mechanisms. It is used for the treatment of coccidiosis from a class of protozoa. It has been shown to foster the apoptosis of tumor cells.

Acetarsone is an antiinfective agent. Acetarsone also inhibits protozoa growth.

Bikaverin is a reddish pigment produced by different fungal species with antibiotic properties against certain protozoa and fungi. Bikaverin also has antitumoral activity against different cancer cell lines.

2-Aminoflubendazole, a metabolite of benzimidazoles (BZ), belongs to a class of drugs effective against fungi, protozoa, and helminths.

Paromomycin (Sulfate Salt) is an aminoglycoside that is active against Gram-negative and many Gram-positive bacteria as well as some protozoa and cestodes. Paromomycin in combination with sodium stibogluconate has proven to be effective in African and Indian VL (visceral leishmaniasis) and improves survival in African VL[3]. PS (Paromomycin Sulfate) is effective for elimination of B. coli without hematological side effects[4]. The activity of phosphoglucose isomerase was slightly inhibited by 10(-3) M paromomycin sulfate while those of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were not inhibited[5]. In addition, with regard to correlation of endotoxemia with renal impairment, endogenous creatinine clearance and p-aminohippurate clearance were significantly improved (P less than 0.02) in those patients whose endotoxemia disappeared on paromomycin sulfate administration. Paromomycin sulfate seems to be effective in the prevention of endotoxemia and the associated renal impairment in cirrhosis in man[6]. Significantly higher frequencies of resistance to paromomycin, kanamycin, neomycin and tobramycin were observed in S. aureus isolates from PS (paromomycin supplemented) birds. Paromomycin supplementation resulted in resistance to aminoglycosides in bacteria of PS turkeys. Co-selection for resistance to other antimicrobial agents was observed in E. coli isolates[7].

Kalafungin antimicrobial agent that is inhibitory in vitro against a variety of pathogenic fungi, yeasts, protozoa, gram-positive bacteria, and, to a lesser extent, gram-negative bacteria.

Dermaseptin TFA, a peptide isolated from frog skin, exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and protozoa at micromolar concentration [1] .

Melimine, a hybrid antimicrobial peptide derived from Melittin and Protamine, exhibits broad-spectrum activity against various microorganisms, including bacteria (P. aeruginosa, S. aureus), fungi, and protozoa [1] [2].

Phytomonic acid, a saturated fatty acid with a cyclopropane ring structure that behaves similarly to a double bond, predominates in gram-negative bacteria L. arabinosus, protozoa, and the seed oil of B. coccineus (Connaraceae). This compound may play a role in regulating cell membrane fluidity.

Lactoferrin 17-41 (Lactoferricin B) acetate, a peptide derived from bovine lactoferrin spanning residues 17-41, exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi. Additionally, this compound demonstrates antitumor activities [1] [2].

Metronidazole (acetic acid) is a metabolite derived from Metronidazole, exhibiting mutagenic activity in bacteria. As a nitroimidazole antibiotic, amebicide, and antiprotozoal agent, Metronidazole is specifically utilized against protozoa and anaerobic bacteria.

4'-Hydroxy-2,4-dimethoxychalcone, a naturally occurring chalcone derivative from the herbal resin of the red geranium [Dragon's Blood], exhibits a wide range of biological activities including anti-malarial, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-protozoa properties.