osmotic

Butoconazole (1-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)thio]butyl]-1H-imidazole) is an imidazole antifungal agent

Cholesteryl sulfate sodium (Sodium Cholesteryl Sulfate) is a sterol sulfate in human plasma. Cholesteryl sulfate sodium is a component of cell membrane and has a regulatory function. Cholesteryl sulfate sodium also activates multiple protein kinase C (PKC) iso-enzymes, especially the ε, η and ζ isoforms.

Isosorbide (Devicoran) is a heterocyclic compound that is derived from glucose, used as a diuretic.

α-(difluoromethyl)-DL-Arginine (RMI 71897) is an enzyma-activated, irreversible inhibitor of arginine decarboxylase for E. coli (Ki = 800 μM), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. At 0.01 mM, it has been shown to prevent osmotic stress-induced increases in arginine decarboxylase activity and putrescine synthesis in oat leaf cells. When combined with a variety of polyamine analogues, α-(difluoromethyl)-DL-Arginine inhibited the growth of Trypanosoma Crui in mammalian host cells at a minimum concentration of 10 mM and prevented the growth of Trypanosoma Crui in T-cell receptor alpha-deficient mouse models.

Maltose (maltobiose) is a reducing sugar, a disaccharide formed by two glucose units linked via a (1-4) bond. It functions as a carbon source, regulates osmotic pressure, and provides antioxidant properties. Maltose serves as an efficient carbon source for yeast, bacteria, and fungi.

2-O-(α-D-Glucopyranosyl)glycerol (2-alphaGG) is present in certain bacteria and plants that thrive in harsh environments and may extend the lifespan of budding yeast and erythrosporidium by enhancing their osmotic response.

DL-Mannitol is a osmotic diuretic, it may play a role in reducing off-target 68Ga-PSMA renal uptake

Pharmatose DCL 14 (D-Lactose monohydrate) is the major sugar present in milk and the main source of energy supplied to the newborn mammalian in its mother's milk. Pharmatose DCL 14 is also an important osmotic regulator of lactation. It could regulate human's intestinal microflora.

α-Lactose is the major sugar present in milk and the main source of energy supplied to the newborn mammalian in its mother's milk. Lactose is also an important osmotic regulator of lactation.

Calcium chloride serves multiple functions including electrolyte supplementation, osmotic pressure regulation, enzyme cofactor activity, and cell transfection mediation. Calcium chloride is commonly used in cell culture research, such as serving as a calcium supplement in DMEM medium, and can also be employed to prepare synthetic saline solutions.

EDTA copper(II) disodium salt is a metal chelator with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, slows down damage caused by metal ions, maintains osmotic pressure during protein purification, and can be used in the study of neurological disorders.

Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaol, also known as inositol, is a natural cyclohexane derivative and alcohol compound with biological activity in signal transduction, osmotic pressure regulation, and lipid metabolism, and is widely used in biochemical experiments and drug synthesis research.

Antifungalagent 117 is a bipyrrole carboxamide derivative with antifungal activity, exhibiting an EC50 value of 11.58 mg/L against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This compound induces cell death by increasing cell membrane permeability, causing an imbalance in osmotic pressure between the interior and exterior of the cell. It also promotes oxidative damage to the cell membrane by inducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to the leakage of cellular contents. RNA sequencing analysis has demonstrated that Antifungalagent 117 disrupts cell membrane structure by downregulating catalase genes and upregulating neutral ceramidase genes, accelerating ceramide metabolism and hastening cell death. The compound holds significant potential for application in plant protection and the control of fungal infections.

N-Acetylglutaminylglutamine amide, as an unusual dipeptide, can be accumulated during osmotic stress in Rhizobium meliloti.

(+)-Magnoflorine (Thalictrin) has sedative and anxiolytic effects, probably mediated by Magnoflorine through a GABAergic mechanism of action. Magnoflorine and Sinomenine have protective effects, are mediated by some mechanism other than prevention of micelle formation or protection of the erythrocyte membrane against osmotic imbalance.

SP-187, also known as N-9-DNJ and UV-4B, is an alpha-Glucosidase inhibitor potentially for the treatment of dengue fever and influenza infection. Proline-producing strains of Serratia marcescens were more osmotolerant than wild-type strains. Growth inhibition by proline analogs was significantly enhanced by increasing the osmotic stress of the medium.

Cross-linked dextran G 200 is a hydrophilic gel designed for the separation of macromolecules based on molecular size exclusion. It operates through a gel permeation mechanism; its cross-linked structure forms a three-dimensional network with specific pore sizes, facilitating separation according to the hydrodynamic volume of molecules. This compound is utilized to regulate the partition coefficient of permeating solutes and maintain osmotic balance, and is commonly applied in gel filtration chromatography for the purification and analysis of biomacromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids. Additionally, Cross-linked dextran G 200 serves as a gel filtration medium (particle size range: 40-120 μm; spherical protein separation range: 5k-600k Da).

Betaine-13C3 is the 13C labeled form of Betaine. This natural compound, also known as Trimethylglycine, is present in numerous foods and acts as an active methyl donor crucial for maintaining normal DNA methylation patterns. It is widely distributed in plants, animals, microorganisms, and rich dietary sources such as seafood, spinach, and wheat bran. Additionally, Betaine (T3243) serves as an osmolyte, aiding in the preservation of cellular water and ion balance in poultry, thereby enhancing their heat stress tolerance. It supports protective osmotic activity, particularly in birds facing heat stress. Moreover, Betaine (T3243) can bolster the resistance of various gut microbes to osmotic changes, thereby improving microbial fermentation activity.

D-Mannitol-d4 (Mannitol-d4) is the deuterium-labeled variant of D-Mannitol. D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is a resistant sugar with oral activity, widely utilized in the food and pharmaceutical industries. It facilitates calcium and magnesium absorption and retention via cecal fermentation and reduces tissue edema as an osmotic diuretic. Additionally, D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin action, lower blood glucose levels, and promote the conversion of white adipose cells to brown via β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), PGC1α, and PKA pathways. It is also used to maintain osmotic pressure between plant protoplasts and culture media, protecting cells when the cell wall is weakened or removed.

(L)-Sodium lactate (Standard) is the standard of (L)-Sodium lactate (T4103), suitable for research related to quantitative analysis, quality control, and biochemical experiments. (L)-Sodium lactate (Sodium L-Lactate) is the stable form of the glycolytic end-product lactate. It participates in the lactate/pyruvate metabolic cycle in vivo via lactate dehydrogenase and acts as an important regulator of energy metabolism and acid-base balance. (L)-Sodium lactate is commonly used in cell culture and biomedical research to adjust osmotic pressure and provide a utilizable carbon source.

DL-Mannitol (Standard) is the standard substance of DL-Mannitol, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. DL-Mannitol is a osmotic diuretic, it may play a role in reducing off-target 68Ga-PSMA renal uptake

Pharmatose DCL 14 (Standard) is the standard substance of Pharmatose DCL 14, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Pharmatose DCL 14 (D-Lactose monohydrate) is the major sugar present in milk and the main source of energy supplied to the newborn mammalian in its mother's milk. Pharmatose DCL 14 is also an important osmotic regulator of lactation. It could regulate human's intestinal microflora.

Thr-Leu is a dipeptide composed of threonine and leucine that can be hydrolyzed in the peritoneal cavity to release its constituent amino acids, thereby increasing dialysate osmotic pressure, and it is used in kinetic and formulation studies of amino acid–based peritoneal dialysis fluids.

Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (Ca2+, Mg2+, No phenol red) is a classic isotonic buffer solution suitable for cell cleaning, pretreatment of trypsin digestion, and short-term storage and transfer of cells. This product supplements Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the basis of the classic HBSS formula, providing the basic ion environment and osmotic pressure support required by cells. The ingredients include 137.93 mM NaCl, 5.33 mM KCl, 4.17 mM NaHCO3, 0.441 mM KH2PO4, 0.338 mM Na2HPO4, 5.56 mM D-Glucose, 1.26 mM CaCl2, 0.493 mM MgCl2, 0.407 mM MgSO4, and is free of phenol red.