mononuclear

Amlexanox (AA673) is an anti-aphthous ulcer drug. Amlexanox inhibits the synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators, including leukotrienes and histamine, from mast cells, neutrophils, and mononuclear cells. Amlexanox also acts as a leukotriene D4 antagonist and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Amlexanox decreases the time ulcers take to heal as well as the pain associated with the ulcers.

AZD-4877 is a potent spindle kinesin (Eg5) inhibitor with an IC50 value of 2 nM. AZD-4877 is an alternative configuration of Ispinesib that inhibits mitosis, induces the formation of a unipolar spindle phenotype, and mediates apoptosis. AZD-4877 has antitumor activity and inhibits circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).

Enpatoran is an inhibitor of TLR7(IC50 = 11.1 nM) and TLR8(IC50 = 24.1 nM). Enpatoran was found to be inactive against TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 in vitro and in vivo.

Rufloxacin hydrochloride (MF-934 hydrochloride) is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial that inhibits topoisomerase and B-cell differentiation in human mononuclear cells.

(S)-(+)-Rolipram ((+)-Rolipram) inhibits human monocyte cyclic AMP-specific PDE4 with an IC50 of 0.75 μM and exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-depressant activity in the central nervous system, though it is less potent than its R enantiomer.

N6-(p-Methoxybenzyl)adenosine is an adenosine analog that shows in vitro antiproliferative activity in U87MG glioma cells and immunogenicity in isolated γδ T cells derived from stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

Lenacapavir, also known as GS-6207, is an HIV-1 capsid inhibitor. It demonstrates an average EC50 of 50 pM (ranging from 20-160 pM) against 23 clinical isolates of HIV-1 from diverse subtypes, with tests performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In vitro, Lenacapavir exhibits picomolar potency and shows no cross-resistance with existing antiretroviral compounds. Furthermore, Lenacapavir displays significant antiviral activity in individuals with HIV-1, regardless of prior treatment history, with no pre-existing resistance detected.

Gardiquimod diTFA, an imidazoquinoline analog and TLR7 8 agonist, inhibits HIV-1 infection of macrophages and activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and specifically activates TLR7 at concentrations below 10 μM. As an immune system modifier and reverse transcriptase inhibitor, it serves as a novel therapeutic agent to block systemic and mucosal transmission of HIV-1.[1][2]

AZD2906, a selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist, demonstrates inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of 2.2 nM in human GR, 0.3 nM in rat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), 41.6 nM in human whole blood, and 7.5 nM in rat whole blood, respectively[1]. Additionally, it induces an increase in micronucleated immature erythrocytes within rat bone marrow.

p38 MAPK inhibitor (IC50 = 0.38 μM). Inhibits the release of IL-1β and TNF-α in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) assay (IC50 values are 0.039 and 0.16 μM respectively). Laufer et al (2003) Novel substituted pyridinyl imidazoles as potent anticytokine agents with low activity against hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes. J.Med.Chem. 46 3230 PMID:12852754 |Kammerer et al (2007) Pharmacokinetics of ML3403 ({4-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-methylsulfanyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-pyridin-2-yl}-(1-phenylethyl)-amine), a 4-pyridinylimidazole-type p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor. Drug Metab.Dispos. 35 875 PMID:17344341

ICeD-2, an inducer of cell death, effectively induces the killing of HIV-1 infected cells, a process reliant on HIV-1 protease activity. It significantly inhibits the hydrolysis of Gly-Pro-AMC by dipeptidyl peptidases DPP8 and DPP9, and robustly stabilizes DPP9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) [1].

PD-L1-IN-1, a powerful PD-L1 inhibitor, demonstrated an IC50 of 115 nM. By forming a robust bond with the PD-L1 protein, PD-L1-IN-1 effectively suppressed tumor growth by enhancing the antitumor immune activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in co-cultures with PD-L1 expressing cancer cells (PC9 and HCC827 cells). It significantly elevated the release of interferon γ and induced apoptosis in cancer cells, while exhibiting minimal cytotoxicity in healthy cells [1].

Compound 17b, a TLR7 agonist also known as TLR7 agonist 14, exhibits high potency with an EC50 of 18 nM. It effectively activates mouse macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) at low-nanomolar concentrations [1].

AS1940477 is p38 MAPK inhibitor. AS1940477 inhibited the enzymatic activity of recombinant p38α and β isoforms but showed no effect against other 100 protein kinases including p38γ and δ isoforms. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, AS1940477 inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or phytohemagglutinin A (PHA)-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 at low concentrations (LPS TNFα, IC(50)=0.45n M; PHA TNFα, IC(50)=0.40 nM). In addition, equivalent concentrations of AS1940477 that inhibited cytokine production also inhibited TNFα- and IL-1 β-induced production of IL-6, PGE(2), and MMP-3 in human synovial stromal cells. AS1940477 was also found to potently inhibit TNF production in whole blood (IC(50)=12 nM) and effectively inhibited TNFα production induced by systemically administered LPS in rats at less than 0.1mg kg (ED(50)=0.053 mg kg) with an anti-inflammatory effect lasting for 20h after oral administration. Overall, this stu......

Immuno modulator-1 (compound 22) effectively suppresses the secretion of TNFα and IL-2 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC), with IC50 values of 4.7 nM and 26 nM, respectively, and exhibits a 20% inhibitory effect on the hERG potassium channel at a concentration of 3 μM [1].

Gardiquimod (hydrochloride) is an imidazoquinoline class TLR7 8 agonist. It can inhibit HIV-1 infection in macrophages and activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). At concentrations below 10 μM, Gardiquimod (hydrochloride) specifically activates TLR7.

BMSpep-57, a potent macrocyclic peptide inhibitor, competitively disrupts the PD-1 PD-L1 interaction, demonstrating a significant inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 7.68 nM. It exhibits binding affinity towards PD-L1 with dissociation constants (Kd) of 19 nM and 19.88 nM in MicroScale Thermophoresis (MST) and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) assays, respectively. This compound enhances T cell functionality by promoting Interleukin-2 (IL-2) production within Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs).

XJB-5-131 is a synthetic, bi-functional antioxidant specifically designed to target mitochondria for the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and electrons, thereby acting as a radical scavenger. Additionally, it serves as an effective protector and mitigator against ionizing irradiation for cord blood mononuclear cells (CB MNCs).

Body Protection Compound 157 (BPC 157) is a pentadecapeptide derived from BPC, identified in gastric juice, exhibiting diverse biological activities. At 2 µg ml, BPC 157 enhances primary rat tendon fibroblast cell migration and F-actin formation. Furthermore, doses of 0.01 and 10 µg kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.), mitigate paw swelling, bone erosion, and mononuclear cell infiltration in the joints of rats with rheumatoid arthritis induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). It also diminishes gastric ulcer size in rats caused by indomethacin, aspirin, or diclofenac at these doses. Additionally, BPC 157 reduces catalepsy duration and tremor severity in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease triggered by MPTP.

p38 MAPK inhibitor IV is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of p38 MAP kinases with IC50 values of 0.13, 0.55, 5.47, and 8.63 μM for p38α, p38β, p38x, and p38δ, respectively, in vitro.[1] It also inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-1β cytokine production (IC50s = 22 and 44 nM, respectively) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

d2T, a nucleoside analog of thymidine, exhibits antiviral activity by inhibiting HIV replication in infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs; EC50 = 0.17 µM). Additionally, 3′-deoxy Thymidine at concentrations of 1, 3, 10, or 30 µM significantly decreases viral plaque formation in CV-1 cells infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1).

M04 acts as a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist, effectively inducing IFN reporter gene expression in HEK293T cells equipped with wild-type human STING. Its activity is specific, not affecting HEK293T cells with the R71H-G230A-R293Q (HAQ) human STING variant or mouse RAW 264.7 cells, showcasing allelic- and species-dependent effects at a concentration of 75 µM. This compound also stimulates the production of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β, and IL-12p70 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). At 50 µM, M04 enhances human monocyte-derived dendritic cells' expression of HLA-DR (MHC class II receptor) and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, and CD86, improving T cell cross-priming in an ex vivo assay.

(+)-Norglaucine shows cytotoxic activity toward the tumor cell lines B16-F10 (mouse melanoma), HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), K562 (human chronic myelocytic leukemia) and HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemia) and non-tumor peripheral blood mononuc

Boromycin is a boron-containing macrolide antibiotic that has been found in Streptomyces. Boromycin inhibits growth of B. subtilis (MIC = 0.05 μg/ml) and induces efflux of potassium ions from B. subtilis without affecting Na+/K+-ATPase activity. It decreases the synthesis of protein, RNA, and DNA in B. subtilis when used at a concentration of 0.05 μg/ml. It inhibits the growth of B. halodurans (MIC = 10 ng/ml) and inhibits the futalosine pathway of menaquinone synthesis in B. halodurans. Boromycin (3.4 nM) reverses bleomycin-induced cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase in Jurkat cells. It inhibits replication of the HIV-1 strains LAV-1 and RF and the HIV-2 strain LAV-2 in MT-4 cells (IC50s = 0.008, 0.11, and 0.007 μM, respectively). It also inhibits replication of a clinical isolate of HIV-1, strain KK-1, in MT-4 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs; IC50s = 0.14 and <0.1 μM, respectively).