human endogenous metabolite

2',3'-cGAMP sodium (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP sodium) is a second messenger in cellular innate immunity, catalyzed by cGAMP synthase (cGAS) under DNA binding conditions. It binds to STING to form a dimer, inducing the production and expression of interferon-β and other cytokines.

20-HETE promotes cell proliferation and migration in cancer and can be used to study prostate tumors and cardiac hypertrophy by activating the protein kinase C pathway to increase FBXO10 expression.20-HETE promotes cell proliferation and migration in cancer and can be used to study prostate tumors and cardiac hypertrophy by activating the protein kinase C pathway.

AFMK (Formyl-N-acetyl-5-methoxykynurenamine) is an active metabolite of Melatonin with antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. AFMK is a modulator of apoptosis and improves the anti-tumor effect of Gemcitabine in PANC-1 cells.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a natural hormone-like substance involved in various physiological functions, including the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles, dilation and constriction of blood vessels, regulation of blood pressure, and modulation of inflammation. It can be used to induce neuropathic pain models.

Allopurinol riboside is a metabolite of allopurinol with potency against parasites. Allopurinol riboside competitively inhibits the action of purine nucleoside phosphorylase on inosine with a Ki of 277 μM.

Dimethindene (Dimetindeno) is a selective antagonist of H1 receptor and blocks K+ current. Dimethindene exhibits antihistamine and anticholinergic effects.

Isonicotinic acid, a metabolite of isoniazid and a useful isomer of nicotinic acid, is formed from isoniazid by hydrazinolysis and can be catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as CYP2C.

Coumaran (2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran), an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor isolated from the leaves of L. camara, can be used as a biopesticide and belongs to the class of 1-benzofurans as the 2,3-dihydro derivative of benzofuran with a role as a metabolite.

p-Toluic Acid (4-Methylbenzoic acid) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoic acids. 4-Methylbenzoic acid has been primarily detected in saliva. Within the cell, 4-methylbenzoic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm.

4-Hydroxybenzyl cyanide (4-Hydroxyphenylacetonitrile) shows strong antioxidative activity.

1-Octanol, a saturated fatty alcohol, functions as an inhibitor of T-type calcium channels (T-channels), showing an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. Additionally, 1-Octanol is recognized for its potential as a biofuel, possessing diesel-like properties[2].

5,6-Dihydroxyindole (Dopamine lutine) is a melanin precursor and has a broad-spectrum antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic activity. It has cytotoxic effects and is strongly toxic against various pathogens.

D-Cysteine, the D-isomer of cysteine, is a powerful inhibitor of E. coli growth and is mediated by D-amino acid oxidase to produce H2S, serving as a neuroprotective agent against cerebellar ataxia. Additionally, D-cysteine can inhibit the growth and cariogenicity of a two-species biofilm formed by Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus hemoglobin.

D-Gluconic acid (D-Gluco-hexonic acid) is a carboxylic acid that has antiseptic and chelating properties through oxidation.

D-Glutamic acid ((R)-Glutamic acid), the enantiomer of L-glutamic acid, is widely used in medicine and food.

D-(-)-Lactic acid is a normal intermediate in sugar fermentation (oxidation, metabolism). It is identified as a competitive inhibitor of ProDH (proline dehydrogenase) in plants.

DL-Norvaline (2-Aminopentanoic acid) is a non-competitive inhibitor of arginase.

(S)-(+)-1,2-Propanediol ((2S)-propane-1,2-diol) is an endogenous compound produced by the engineered bacterium Lactococcus lactis.

β-Aminopropionitrile (3-Aminopropionitrile) is a selective inhibitor of lysyl oxidase.

2-Phenylglycine (DL-α-Phenylglycine) is a metabolite present in breast milk during lactation.

3-Amino-2-piperidinone is a metabolite from all living organisms and can be used as a cyclic ornithine analogue.

5-Methoxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-Methoxyindoleacetic acid) is a metabolite of Melatonin and is isolated from pineal tissue.

D-Pipecolinic acid ((R)-Piperidine-2-carboxylic acid) is a normal human metabolite found in human biological fluids.

L-(+)-Arabinose selectively inhibits intestinal sucrase in a non-competitive manner, thereby preventing glucose elevation induced by sucrose intake.