human endogenous metabolite

AFMK (Formyl-N-acetyl-5-methoxykynurenamine) is an active metabolite of Melatonin with antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. AFMK is a modulator of apoptosis and improves the anti-tumor effect of Gemcitabine in PANC-1 cells.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a naturally occurring hormone involved in various physiological processes, such as smooth muscle contraction and relaxation, vasodilation and constriction, blood pressure regulation, and inflammatory regulation.

2',3'-cGAMP sodium (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP sodium) is a second messenger in cellular innate immunity, catalyzed by cGAMP synthase (cGAS) under DNA binding conditions. It binds to STING to form a dimer, inducing the production and expression of interferon-β and other cytokines.

Coumaran (2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran), an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor isolated from the leaves of L. camara, can be used as a biopesticide and belongs to the class of 1-benzofurans as the 2,3-dihydro derivative of benzofuran with a role as a metabolite.

Turanose is a naturally occurring isomer of sucrose found in honey. It has anti-inflammatory and fat-regulating activities. It has research potential for obesity and related chronic diseases.

3-Hydroxybutyric acid (Butanoic acid) (or beta-hydroxybutyrate) is a ketone body. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone), levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate in blood and urine are raised in ketosis. In humans, 3-hydroxybutyrate is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low. Blood levels of 3-hydroxybutyric acid levels may be monitored in diabetic patients to look for diabetic ketoacidosis. Persistent mild hyperketonemia is a common finding in newborns. Ketone bodies serve as an indispensable source of energy for extrahepatic tissues, especially the brain and lung of developing mammals. Another important function of ketone bodies is to provide acetoacetyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA for the synthesis of cholesterol, fatty acids, and complex lipids. During the early postnatal period, acetoacetate (AcAc) and beta-hydroxybutyrate are preferred over glucose as substrates for synthesis of phospholipids and sphingolipids in accord with requirements for brain growth and myelination. Thus, during the first 2 weeks of postnatal development, when the accumulation of cholesterol and phospholipids accelerates, the proportion of ketone bodies incorporated into these lipids increases. On the other hand, an increased proportion of ketone bodies is utilized for cerebroside synthesis during the period of active myelination. In the lung, AcAc serves better than glucose as a precursor for the synthesis of lung phospholipids. The synthesized lipids, particularly dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, are incorporated into surfactant, and thus have a potential role in supplying adequate surfactant lipids to maintain lung function during the early days of life (PMID: 3884391 ). 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is found to be associated with fumarase deficiency and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism.

L-(+)-Arabinose selectively inhibits intestinal sucrase in a non-competitive manner, thereby preventing glucose elevation induced by sucrose intake.

β-Aminopropionitrile (3-Aminopropionitrile) is a selective inhibitor of lysyl oxidase.

Oxaloacetic acid, also known as oxosuccinic acid or oxalacetic acid, is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid appearing as an intermediate of the citric acid cycle. In vivo, oxaloacetate (the ionized form of oxaloacetic acid) is formed by the oxidation of L-mal

D-Gluconic acid (D-Gluco-hexonic acid) is a carboxylic acid that has antiseptic and chelating properties through oxidation.

Spermidine (N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane) inhibits NOS1 (nNOS). Spermidine binds and precipitates DNA and may be used for purification of DNA binding proteins. Spermidine activates PNK (polynucleotide kinase T4). Spermidine binds to and activates NMDA and has been shown to potentiate NMDA-induced currents in a concentration-dependent manner.

2-Ketoglutaric acid is a key molecule in the tricarboxylic acid cycle,is also connected to glutamic acid and glutamine metabolisms through the transamination reactions.

Aldosterone, the primary mineralocorticoid, is synthesized and secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in response to activation of the renin-angiotensin system or high dietary potassium.

Heparan sulfate is a natural product, a linear polysaccharide. Heparan sulfate occurs as a proteoglycan (HSPG) that is tightly attached to cell surface or extracellular matrix proteins.

Cholesteryl oleate (Cholesteryl cis-9-octadecenoate) is a cholesteryl ester. Cholesteryl oleate can be used to synthesize solid lipid nanoparticles which is a nanoparticle-based gene therapy approach.

6-Hydroxymelatonin, a primary metabolite of Melatonin, is metabolized by CYP 1A2.

Paullinic acid (cis-13-eicosenoic acid) is a long-chain fatty acid extracted from Tinospora crispa.

D-chiro-Inositol (D-(+)-CHIRO-INOSITOL) is an epimer of myo-inositol that is found in certain mammalian glycosylphosphatidylinositol protein anchors and inositol phosphoglycans possessing insulin-like bioactivity.

L-Cysteinesulfinic acid is an endogenous neurotransmitter with agonistic effects on a variety of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), including mGluR1, mGluR5, mGluR2, mGluR4, mGluR6, and mGluR8, with a pEC50 = 2.7 to 4.0. L- Cysteinesulfinic acid is a pld-coupled agonist of metabotropic excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors.

Estrone sulfate sodium (17β-Estrone 3-sulfate) is an endogenous steroid and an estrogen ester that is biologically inactive. It is converted by steroid sulfatase into estrone . Estrone sulfate sodium has been investigated as a ligand for targeting organic anion transporting polypeptides f

Deoxycorticosterone (Desoxycortone) is a steroid metabolite produced by the adrenal gland. Deoxycorticosterone is an aldosterone precursor and possesses mineralocorticoid activity.

Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt (5'-GTP disodium salt) is an enhancer of myogenic cell differentiation and serves as an energy source for translation and other critical cellular processes.

L-Kynurenine ((S)-Kynurenine) is a key intermediate in the breakdown pathway of tryptophan. L-Kynurenine is a substrate of kynureninase, KMO, and KAT associated with the suppression of antitumor immune responses. It has been shown to inhibit allogeneic T-cell proliferation and to increase malignant U87 glioma cell invasion into a collagen matrix.

5-Aminolevulinic acid is an intermediate in heme synthesis which is the first compound in the porphyrin synthesis pathway.It is a photosensitizing agent, an antineoplastic agent and a prodrug.It can also be used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.