guanosine 5'-triphosphate

5'-GTP trisodium salt hydrate, an activator of the signal-transducing G proteins, serves as a precursor of mononucleotide units in the enzymatic biosynthesis of DNA and RNA.

Guanosine 5'-triphosphate-5'-adenosine, known as a 5′ cap analog, serves as a fluorescent substrate analog.

Guanosine 5'-triphosphate trisodium salt (5'-GTP trisodium salt) activates signal-transducing G proteins involved in cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and activation of intracellular kinase cascades. It regulates proliferation and apoptosis through the hydrolysis by small GTPases Ras and Rho, and plays a role in vesicle docking, fusion, and formation via Rab. Additionally, GTP serves as an energy-rich precursor for the biosynthesis of DNA and RNA.

2'-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)guanosine 5'-triphosphate (ammonium), a purine nucleoside analog, exhibits significant antitumor properties, especially against indolent lymphoid malignancies, by inhibiting DNA synthesis and inducing apoptosis, among other mechanisms [1].

Guanosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt (5'-GTP disodium salt) is an enhancer of myogenic cell differentiation and serves as an energy source for translation and other critical cellular processes.

2'-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)guanosine  5'-triphosphate ammonium salt is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences and the catalog number is TNU1082.

7-Methyl-guanosine-5'-triphosphate (m7GTP) sodium, a guanosine 5'-phosphate derivative, is a potent inhibitor of cap-dependent translation, with its sodium phosphorothioate analog further enhancing efficacy [1].

N7-Methylguanosine-5'-triphosphate-5'-adenosine (m7GpppA) is a dinucleotide cap analog employed in the process of in vitro RNA transcription.

N7-Methylguanosine-5'-triphosphate-5'-adenosine (m7GpppA) diammonium, a dinucleotide cap analog, facilitates in vitro RNA transcription [1].

2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate disodium (5'-dGMP disodium) is a GTP derivative that serves as an oxidizable target and is used in forming polycomplexes with other compounds.

5'-Guanylic acid disodium salt (GMP-5) is a purine ribonucleoside monophosphate. L-Glutamic acid and guanosine monophosphate are biosynthesized from xanthylic acid and L-glutamine via GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]. Guanosine triphosphate and guanosine monophosphate are biosynthesized from diguanosine tetraphosphate via bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase [asymmetrical]. In humans, guanosine monophosphate is involved in the kanamycin, telithromycin, tobramycin, and erythromycin action pathways, and several metabolic disorders including AICA-ribosiduria, adenosine deaminase deficiency, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (aprt), and 2-hydroxyglutric aciduria (D and L form) pathways. Guanosine monophosphate is also found in foods like onion-family vegetables, millet, Chinese water chestnut, and red rice, serving as a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.

Ara-G is an analog of the nucleoside guanosine and an active metabolite of nelarabine .1,2 Ara-G accumulates in T lymphoblasts and malignant T-lymphoid cells, where it is phosphorylated to produce ara-GTP and incorporated into the DNA.3,1 Ara-G inhibits DNA replication by 92% after 30 minutes when used at a concentration of 50 μM in CEM cells, which are used as a model for human T lymphoblasts.1 It also halts the cell cycle at the sub-G1 phase and induces apoptosis in CEM cells.3 Syngeneic bone marrow containing 6C3HED tumor cells treated with ara-G (100 mM) ex vivo prior to transplantation increases survival of lethally irradiated mice and induces reconstitution of lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid cell linages.4References1. Leanza, L., Miazzi, C., Ferraro, P., et al. Activation of guanine-β-D-arabinofuranoside and deoxyguanosine to triphosphates by a common pathway blocks T lymphoblasts at different checkpoints. Exp. Cell Res. 316(20), 3443-3453 (2010).2. Lambe, C.U., Averett, D.R., Paff, M.T., et al. 2-Amino-6-methoxypurine arabinoside: An agent for T-cell malignancies. Cancer Res. 55(15), 3352-3356 (1995).3. Rodriguez, C.O., Jr., Stellrecht, C.M., and Gandhi, V. Mechanisms for T-cell selective cytotoxicity of arabinosylguanine. Blood 102(5), 1842-1848 (2003).4. Kurtzberg, J. Guanine arabinoside as a bone marrow-purging agent. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 685(1), 225-236 (1993). Ara-G is an analog of the nucleoside guanosine and an active metabolite of nelarabine .1,2 Ara-G accumulates in T lymphoblasts and malignant T-lymphoid cells, where it is phosphorylated to produce ara-GTP and incorporated into the DNA.3,1 Ara-G inhibits DNA replication by 92% after 30 minutes when used at a concentration of 50 μM in CEM cells, which are used as a model for human T lymphoblasts.1 It also halts the cell cycle at the sub-G1 phase and induces apoptosis in CEM cells.3 Syngeneic bone marrow containing 6C3HED tumor cells treated with ara-G (100 mM) ex vivo prior to transplantation increases survival of lethally irradiated mice and induces reconstitution of lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid cell linages.4 References1. Leanza, L., Miazzi, C., Ferraro, P., et al. Activation of guanine-β-D-arabinofuranoside and deoxyguanosine to triphosphates by a common pathway blocks T lymphoblasts at different checkpoints. Exp. Cell Res. 316(20), 3443-3453 (2010).2. Lambe, C.U., Averett, D.R., Paff, M.T., et al. 2-Amino-6-methoxypurine arabinoside: An agent for T-cell malignancies. Cancer Res. 55(15), 3352-3356 (1995).3. Rodriguez, C.O., Jr., Stellrecht, C.M., and Gandhi, V. Mechanisms for T-cell selective cytotoxicity of arabinosylguanine. Blood 102(5), 1842-1848 (2003).4. Kurtzberg, J. Guanine arabinoside as a bone marrow-purging agent. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 685(1), 225-236 (1993).

SCH-336 is a CB2 receptor agonist (Ki-1.8 nM, EC50-2 nM) with effective, selective, and oral activity. SCH-336 is also bioactive against CB1 receptor, and is 100 times more selective to CB2 receptor than CB1. SCH-336 reduced the binding of guanosine 5' -3-o -(sulfur) triphosphate to the membrane containing hCB, inhibited BaF3 CB2 cell migration, inhibited leukocyte migration in mouse delayed hypersensitivity models, and inhibited antigen-induced pulmonary eosinophilia in mouse allergy models.

dGTP (2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-triphosphate) is a guanosine nucleotide highly susceptible to oxidative damage, resulting in 8-O-GDP, 8-O-dGTP, 8-O-GTP, and 8-O-dGTP.

Guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) is a purine nucleotide and biosynthetic precursor of guanosine 5'-triphosphate .1It has been used to study the conformations of GTPases.2GDP (100 μM) activates sulfonylurea receptor 2B (SUR2B) linked to the inward-rectifier potassium channel 6.1 (Kir6.1) in HEK293T cells in a patch-clamp assay.3 1.Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., and Stryer, L.Biochemistry(2002) 2.Vetter, I.R., and Wittinghofer, A.The guanine nucleotide-binding switch in three dimensionsScience294(5545)1299-1304(2001) 3.Yamada, M., Isomoto, S., Matsumoto, S., et al.Sulphonylurea receptor 2B and Kir6.1 form a sulphonylurea-sensitive but ATP-insensitive K+ channelJ. Physiol.499(Pt 3)715-720(1997)

Isoguanosine-5'-O-triphosphate, an isomer of guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) and a phosphorylated derivative of crotonoside, does not promote microtubule assembly like GTP. At a concentration of 2 mM, it hampers transcription and triggers T to C mutations in reverse transcriptase assays. This compound aids in assessing the substrate specificity of both phosphofructokinase and mutT homolog 1 (MTH1).

8-Bromoguanosine-5'-O-triphosphate, a derivative of guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) - the energy substrate for protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis, acts as an inhibitor of the E. coli GTPase FtsZ with an inhibition constant (Ki) of 31.8 µM. Furthermore, at a concentration of 500 µM, it facilitates the assembly of porcine brain microtubules in a cell-free assay.

Ribavirin-13C5is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of ribavirin by GC- or LC-MS. Ribavirin is an antiviral guanosine nucleoside analog.1,2Upon entry into cells, ribavirin is metabolized to an active triphosphate form that induces viral RNA chain termination and inhibits viral polymerases. It reduces replication in a panel of seven RNA and four DNA viruses in Vero cells (EC50s = 2-95 μg/ml).3Ribavirin also reduces replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Vero cells (EC50= 109.5 μM).4Aerosol administration of ribavirin (30 mg/kg) reduces mortality in a mouse model of influenza A infection.5Formulations containing ribavirin have been used in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and viral hemorrhagic fevers. 1.Gilbert, B.E., and Knight, V.Biochemistry and clinical applications of ribavirinAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.30(2)201-205(1986) 2.Gordon, C.J., Tchesnokov, E.P., Woolner, E., et al.Remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with high potencyJ. Biol. Chem.295(20)6785-6797(2020) 3.Kirsi, J.J., North, J.A., McKernan, P.A., et al.Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of 2-β-D-ribofuranosylselenazole-4-carboxamide, a new antiviral agentAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.24(3)353-361(1983) 4.Wang, M., Cao, R., Zhang, L., et al.Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitroCell Res.30(3)269-271(2020) 5.Wilson, S.Z., Knight, V., Wyde, P.R., et al.Amantadine and ribavirin aerosol treatment of influenza A and B infection in miceAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.17(4)642-648(1980)

Nexinhib20 is an inhibitor of exosome synthesis and transport with anti-inflammatory activity, inhibits RAB27A and neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) nsMase2, inhibits IL-8-induced β(2) integrin-dependent adhesion of human neutrophils in the subfluidic phase, and inhibits neutrophil adhesion and β(2) integrin activation through antagonism of the rac-1-guanosine 5'-triphosphate interaction. beta(2) integrin activation.

Guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) sodium is a nucleoside diphosphate known for activating the adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive K+ channel, serving as a potential iron mobilizer by inhibiting the hepcidin-ferroportin interaction, and modulating the interleukin-6 (IL-6) stat-3 pathway. It is utilized in research on inflammation-related conditions, including anemia of inflammation (AI).

GTPγS tetralithium (Guanosine 5'-[γ-thio]triphosphate tetralithium) is a G-protein activator, a non-hydrolyzable GTP analog that protects proteins from proteolytic degradation.GTPγS tetralithium is involved in the detection of cells expressing recombinant receptors and endogenous receptors. GTPγS tetralithium is involved in the detection of GPCR signaling in cells expressing recombinant receptors as well as in cells and tissues expressing endogenous receptors, and can be assayed to measure agonist-induced desensitization of two human polymorphic α2B-adrenoceptor variants.

3'-Amino-3'-deoxyguanosine-5'-O-triphosphate (3'-amino-dGTP), an amine-modified nucleotide, effectively terminates RNA strand synthesis as catalyzed by RNA polymerase in E. coli. This compound has also been utilized in creating a non-hydrolyzable derivative of the alarmone guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp).

Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate trisodium (Guanosine 5'-[β,γ-imido]triphosphate), a non-hydrolysable GTP analogue, activates ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) and strongly stimulates adenylate cyclase. It is utilized in protein synthesis studies [1] [2] [3].