germination

Germination-IN-1 (compound 11) is a potent germination inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM, demonstrating significant anti-germination effects, with a germination rate of 14%.

Germination-IN-2 (compound 15) is a potent germination inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.3 μM and demonstrates significant anti-germination effects, reducing the germination rate to 3%.

Maleic hydrazide is a plant growth regulator and germination inhibitor that participates in nucleic acid metabolism pathways within plants, thereby inhibiting cell division in the apical meristem.

Dicloran is an aromatic fungicide that delays spore germination and inhibits hyphal growth, effective against Botrytis, Monilinia, Rhizopus, Sclerotinia, and Sclerotium spp.

N-benzoyl-L-aspartic acid (L-N-Benzoylaspartic acid), a benzyl alcohol metabolite of Schizaphis graminum, inhibits rice seed germination and is commonly used in organic synthesis and biochemical experiments.

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is an intermediate in the synthesis of ethylene, the plant hormone responsible for biological processes ranging from seed germination to organ senescence. It is a small molecule agonist at the glycine modulatory site of the NMDA receptor (EC50 = 0.7-0.9 μM) in the presence of low levels (1 μM) of glutamate and as a competitive antagonist at the glutamate-binding site on NMDA receptors (EC50 = 81.6 nM) with high levels (10 μM) of glutamate.2 This compound has been reported to protect against neuron cell death in vivo models of ischemia by enabling moderate levels of NMDA receptor activation and attenuating any excess NMDA receptor signaling that may lead to neurotoxicity.

1-Naphthaleneacetic acid potassium salt (1-NAA Potassium Salt) is used as a plant Growth Regulator that affects conidial germination, sporulation, mycelial growth, cell surface morphology, and the viability of certain fungal plant pathogens.

Abscisic Acid (Dormin) is a plant hormone, which is involved in many plant developmental processes, modulates ion homeostasis and metabolism, and inhibits germination and seedling growth.

2,5-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone is a natural product with antimicrobial activity that reduces trophic growth and inhibits spore germination in six fungal species across 12 different genera.

Pyrimorph is a fungicide with high activity against the plant pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Pyrimorph inhibited different stages in the life cycle of P. capsici including mycelial growth, sporangium production, zoospore release, and cystospore germination with EC(50) values of 1.84, 0.17, 4.92, and 0.09 microg mL(-1), respectively.

Dihydropinosylvinin is an phytoalexin, it shows antifungal activity against Cladosporium cladosporioides, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium schlerotgenum, it also exhibits strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, S

Cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) is a compound from Pseudomonas sesquiterpenes BC42 that exhibits antifungal activity, inhibiting fungal pathogens, the proliferation of Aspergillus flavus, conidial germination, and conidial formation, making it useful for agricultural biocontrol.

Corypalmine is a kind of alkaloid from Coptis chinensis and purple chinensis, which has inhibitory effect on the germination of plant pathogenic spores and saprophytic fungi.

SL agonist 1, a Strigolactone (SL) agonist, is effective in promoting Arabidopsis seed germination through its recognition by the SL receptors OmKAI2d3 and OmKAI2d4.

Dibenzylideneacetone (DBA) is an antifungal agent that exhibits inhibitory activity against Botrytis cinerea Chitinase with an IC50 of 13.10 µg mL. It has a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against B. cinerea of 32 µg mL. The EC50 values for inhibiting mycelial growth and spore germination are 16.29 µg mL and 14.64 µg mL, respectively. Dibenzylideneacetone effectively combats grey mold infection in cherry tomatoes by inhibiting chitinase activity.

Karrikin 2 is a seed germination stimulant. It enhances the expression of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis genes GA3ox1 and GA3ox2, as well as the GA4-responsive gene CP1, in A. thaliana.

6-Ethoxyethyl-5-hydroxy-2,7-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone is a naphthoquinone compound known to cause withering of larch branches and inhibit the germination and growth of lettuce seeds. At a concentration of 100 ppm, it completely inhibits the growth of hypocotyls and roots, and at 50 ppm, it suppresses over 95%.

SCUT1-2 is a bifunctional antibacterial agent with good oral bioavailability in mice (F=56.8%). It effectively kills the vegetative cells of C. difficile with a MIC of 0.06-0.50 μg/mL and inhibits spore germination in vitro. SCUT1-2 alleviates weight loss and diarrhea symptoms caused by C. difficile infection (CDI) in mice and prevents recurrence.

TPS1-IN-1 (Compound O1) is a potent and broad-spectrum inhibitor of TPS1. It exhibits IC50 values of 14.73 μM for MoTPS1 (Magnaporthe oryzae TPS1) and 59.99 μM for BcTPS1 (Botrytis cinerea TPS1). TPS1-IN-1 exerts its broad-spectrum fungicidal effects by disrupting spore germination, appressorium formation, and turgor pressure accumulation in fungi. With good safety profiles, TPS1-IN-1 has potential as a candidate for novel fungicide development.

Quinabactin(LC-66C6) is a potent sulfonamide abscisic acid ABA agonist.Quinabactin promotes guard cell closure, inhibits water loss, suppresses seed germination, and improves drought tolerance in adult Arabidopsis thaliana and soybean plants.

Fosetyl-aluminum is a systemic fungicide effective in controlling various Phycomycete diseases, particularly downy mildews, Phytophthora, and Pythium spp. It inhibits spore germination and mycelial growth, providing comprehensive protection to plants。

Cholic acid anilide is a synthetic bile acid and derivative of cholic acid that inhibits the germination of C. difficile strain R20291 spores in vitro (IC50 = 1.8 μM).1 |1. Sharma, S.K., Yip, C., Esposito, E.X., et al. The design, synthesis, and characterizations of spore germination inhibitors effective against an epidemic strain of Clostridium difficile. J. Med. Chem. 61(15), 6759-6778 (2018).

Cerebroside C is a fungal metabolite and glycosphingolipid that has been found in the rice pathogenic fungusM. grisea.1It induces production of the phytoalexin momilactone A when applied to wounded rice leaves, indicating that cerebroside C is an elicitor of the hypersensitive response in rice. Cerebroside C increases germination rate and reduces germination time in wheat seeds in a concentration-dependent manner at 4°C.2It also increases root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of wheat seedlings when used at a concentration of 20 μg/ml at 4°C, indicating increased chilling tolerance. 1.Koga, J., Yamuchi, T., Shimura, M., et al.Cerebrosides A and C, sphingolipid elicitors of hypersensitive cell death and phytoalexin accumulation in rice plantsJ. Biol. Chem.273(48)31985-31991(1998) 2.Li, H.-X., Xiao, Y., Cao, L.-L., et al.Cerebroside C increases tolerance to chilling injury and alters lipid composition in wheat rootsPLoS One8(9)e73380(2013)

Isodeoxycholic Acid is a bile acid that is formed via epimerization of deoxycholic acid by intestinal bacteria. It has a greater critical micelle concentration than DCA, indicating reduced detergent activity, and is less active than DCA in inhibiting growth in a panel of seven gut commensal bacteria species. Isodeoxycholic Acid(0.1%) inhibits spore germination induced by taurocholic acid in several C. difficile strains, as well as decreases the cytotoxicity of C. difficile culture supernatants to Vero cells. Plasma levels of isodeoxycholic acid are decreased in a rat model of high-fat diet-induced obesity compared with rats fed a normal diet.