germination

Germination-IN-1 (compound 11) is a potent germination inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM, demonstrating significant anti-germination effects, with a germination rate of 14%.

Germination-IN-2 (compound 15) is a potent germination inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.3 μM and demonstrates significant anti-germination effects, reducing the germination rate to 3%.

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is an intermediate in the synthesis of ethylene, the plant hormone responsible for biological processes ranging from seed germination to organ senescence. It is a small molecule agonist at the glycine modulatory site of the NMDA receptor (EC50 = 0.7-0.9 μM) in the presence of low levels (1 μM) of glutamate and as a competitive antagonist at the glutamate-binding site on NMDA receptors (EC50 = 81.6 nM) with high levels (10 μM) of glutamate.2 This compound has been reported to protect against neuron cell death in vivo models of ischemia by enabling moderate levels of NMDA receptor activation and attenuating any excess NMDA receptor signaling that may lead to neurotoxicity.

1-Naphthaleneacetic acid potassium salt (1-NAA Potassium Salt) is used as a plant Growth Regulator that affects conidial germination, sporulation, mycelial growth, cell surface morphology, and the viability of certain fungal plant pathogens.

2,5-Dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone is a natural product with antimicrobial activity that reduces trophic growth and inhibits spore germination in six fungal species across 12 different genera.

Abscisic Acid (Dormin) is a plant hormone, which is involved in many plant developmental processes, modulates ion homeostasis and metabolism, and inhibits germination and seedling growth.

Quinabactin(LC-66C6) is a potent sulfonamide abscisic acid ABA agonist.Quinabactin promotes guard cell closure, inhibits water loss, suppresses seed germination, and improves drought tolerance in adult Arabidopsis thaliana and soybean plants.

Pyrimorph is a fungicide with high activity against the plant pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Pyrimorph inhibited different stages in the life cycle of P. capsici including mycelial growth, sporangium production, zoospore release, and cystospore germination with EC(50) values of 1.84, 0.17, 4.92, and 0.09 microg mL(-1), respectively.

Germinone A (3-Methyl-5-((3-nitro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)oxy)furan-2(5H)-one) is a novel potent agonist of HTL KAI2, stimulating activity for Arabidopsis seed germination, has antitumor activity in multiple types of carcinomas.

Dihydropinosylvinin is an phytoalexin, it shows antifungal activity against Cladosporium cladosporioides, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium schlerotgenum, it also exhibits strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, S

Cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) is a compound from Pseudomonas sesquiterpenes BC42 that exhibits antifungal activity, inhibiting fungal pathogens, the proliferation of Aspergillus flavus, conidial germination, and conidial formation, making it useful for agricultural biocontrol.

Corypalmine is a kind of alkaloid from Coptis chinensis and purple chinensis, which has inhibitory effect on the germination of plant pathogenic spores and saprophytic fungi.

SL agonist 1, a Strigolactone (SL) agonist, is effective in promoting Arabidopsis seed germination through its recognition by the SL receptors OmKAI2d3 and OmKAI2d4.

Dibenzylideneacetone (DBA) is an antifungal agent that exhibits inhibitory activity against Botrytis cinerea Chitinase with an IC50 of 13.10 µg mL. It has a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against B. cinerea of 32 µg mL. The EC50 values for inhibiting mycelial growth and spore germination are 16.29 µg mL and 14.64 µg mL, respectively. Dibenzylideneacetone effectively combats grey mold infection in cherry tomatoes by inhibiting chitinase activity.

Karrikin 2 is a seed germination stimulant. It enhances the expression of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis genes GA3ox1 and GA3ox2, as well as the GA4-responsive gene CP1, in A. thaliana.

N-benzoyl-L-aspartic acid (L-N-Benzoylaspartic acid), a benzyl alcohol metabolite of Schizaphis graminum, inhibits rice seed germination and is commonly used in organic synthesis and biochemical experiments.

Fosetyl-aluminum is a systemic fungicide effective in controlling various Phycomycete diseases, particularly downy mildews, Phytophthora, and Pythium spp. It inhibits spore germination and mycelial growth, providing comprehensive protection to plants。

Cholic acid anilide is a synthetic bile acid and derivative of cholic acid that inhibits the germination of C. difficile strain R20291 spores in vitro (IC50 = 1.8 μM).1 |1. Sharma, S.K., Yip, C., Esposito, E.X., et al. The design, synthesis, and characterizations of spore germination inhibitors effective against an epidemic strain of Clostridium difficile. J. Med. Chem. 61(15), 6759-6778 (2018).

Cerebroside C is a fungal metabolite and glycosphingolipid that has been found in the rice pathogenic fungusM. grisea.1It induces production of the phytoalexin momilactone A when applied to wounded rice leaves, indicating that cerebroside C is an elicitor of the hypersensitive response in rice. Cerebroside C increases germination rate and reduces germination time in wheat seeds in a concentration-dependent manner at 4°C.2It also increases root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of wheat seedlings when used at a concentration of 20 μg/ml at 4°C, indicating increased chilling tolerance. 1.Koga, J., Yamuchi, T., Shimura, M., et al.Cerebrosides A and C, sphingolipid elicitors of hypersensitive cell death and phytoalexin accumulation in rice plantsJ. Biol. Chem.273(48)31985-31991(1998) 2.Li, H.-X., Xiao, Y., Cao, L.-L., et al.Cerebroside C increases tolerance to chilling injury and alters lipid composition in wheat rootsPLoS One8(9)e73380(2013)

Isodeoxycholic Acid is a bile acid that is formed via epimerization of deoxycholic acid by intestinal bacteria. It has a greater critical micelle concentration than DCA, indicating reduced detergent activity, and is less active than DCA in inhibiting growth in a panel of seven gut commensal bacteria species. Isodeoxycholic Acid(0.1%) inhibits spore germination induced by taurocholic acid in several C. difficile strains, as well as decreases the cytotoxicity of C. difficile culture supernatants to Vero cells. Plasma levels of isodeoxycholic acid are decreased in a rat model of high-fat diet-induced obesity compared with rats fed a normal diet.

Germicidin A is a pyranone originally derived from S. viridochromogenes that acts as a reversible, autoregulative inhibitor of spore germination and hyphal elongation in the genus Streptomyces at concentrations as low as 200 pM. During germination, spores of Streptomyces excrete germicidin A along with other germicidin homologs, which inhibit germination of its own arthrospores. At higher concentrations, germicidin A can inhibit the porcine Na+/K+-activated ATPase (ID50 = 100 μM) and prevent the germination of the cress L. sativum.

Sphingosine (d14:1) is a bioactive sphingolipid that has been found in B. mori (silkworm), P. clarkii (crayfish), and A. aurita (jellyfish) extracts. It increases the germination rate of N. rileyi, an entomopathogenic fungus, with an EC50 value of 10.2 nM. Sphingosine (d14:1) inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) in vitro (IC50 = 7.3 mol%) as well as superoxide generation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in neutrophils and reduces growth of CHO cells (IC50s = 19 and 8 μM, respectively).

Pyrenocine A is a fungal metabolite that has been found inP. terrestrisand has diverse biological activities.1It inhibits the asexual spore germination of the plant pathogenic fungiF. oxysporum,F. solani,M. hiemalis, andR. stolonifer(EC50s = 14, 20, 20, and 25 μg/ml, respectively). Pyrenocine A is active againstB. subtilis,S. aureus, andE. coli(IC50s = 30, 45, and 200 μg/ml, respectively). It inhibits onion seedling elongation (EC50= 4 μg/ml). Pyrenocine A is also a phytotoxin that inhibits lettuce seed germination and rice seedling elongation.2,3 1.Sparace, S.A., Reeleder, R.D., and Khanizadeh, S.Antibiotic activity of the pyrenocinesCan. J. Microbiol.33(4)327-330(1987) 2.Sato, H., Konoma, K., and Sakamura, S.Phytotoxins produced by onion pink root fungus, Pyrenochaeta terrestrisAgric. BioI. Chem.43(11)2409-2411(1979) 3.Sato, H., Konoma, K., Sakamura, S., et al.X-Ray crystal structure of pyrenocine A, a phytotoxin from Pyrenochaeta terrestrisAgric. BioI. Chem.45(3)795-797(1981)

Usaramine (Mucronatine) demonstrates phytotoxicity against Lactuca sativa var. Carrascoy (lettuce) assessed as inhibition of seed germination at 50 ug cm2 after 24 hr.