farnesylation

J-104871 (UNII-6137X5QNJF) is a novel farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitor that competitively blocks Ras farnesylation in vivo, inhibits Ras processing in activated H-ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells, and suppresses tumor growth in nude mice transplanted with activated H-ras-transformed NIH3T3 cells.

Perillyl Alcohol is a naturally occurring monoterpene related to limonene with antineoplastic activity. Perillyl alcohol (Isocarveol) inhibits farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase, thereby preventing post-translational protein farnesylation and isoprenylation and activation of oncoproteins such as p21-ras, and arresting tumor cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

(S)-(−)-Perillyl alcohol (Perillyl alcohol), a monoterpene found in lavender, inhibits Ras farnesylation, upregulates the mannose-6-phosphate receptor, induces apoptosis, and exhibits anti-cancer activity.

(ZE)-Farnesyl Pyrophosphate ammonium salt is an isomer of (E,E)-Farnesyl Pyrophosphate ammonium salt, which is a key metabolic intermediate in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway and an agonist of TRPM2, and is involved in cholesterol synthesis, ubiquinone synthesis, protein farnesylation and other physiological processes.

10'-Desmethoxystreptonigrin is an antibiotic originally isolated from Streptomyces and a derivative of the antibiotic streptonigrin. It is active against a variety of bacteria, including S. aureus, S. faecalis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. vulgaris (MICs = 0.4, 1.6, 3.1, 3.1 and 0.4 μg/ml, respectively). 10'-Desmethoxystreptonigrin is cytotoxic to HCT116 colon and A2780 ovarian cancer cells (IC50s = 0.004 and 0.001 μg/ml, respectively), as well as HCT116 cells resistant to etoposide and teniposide and cisplatin-resistant A2780 cells (IC50s = 0.003, 0.001, and 0.01 μg/ml, respectively). 10'-Desmethoxystreptonigrin is also an inhibitor of p21ras farnesylation (IC50 = 21 nM).

CP-609754 (LNK-754) is a potent and reversible farnesyltransferase inhibitor with potential anticancer activity. It inhibits farnesylation of recombinant human H-Ras (IC50=0.57 ng mL) and K-Ras (IC50=46 ng mL)[1]. In 3T3 H-ras (61L)-transfected cell lines, CP-609754 exhibits a slow on off rate, inhibiting mutant H-Ras farnesylation with an IC50 of 1.72 ng mL[1]. The compound is competitive for the prenyl acceptor (H-Ras protein) and noncompetitive for the prenyl donor farnesyl PPI, selectively inhibiting farnesylation of both H- and K-Ras proteins in 3T3 transfectants[1]. In vivo, CP-609754 shows antitumor activity against 3T3 H-ras (61L) tumors, with tumor regression achieved at 100 mg kg twice daily and an ED50 for tumor growth inhibition at 28 mg kg[1]. Continuous i.p. infusion of CP-609754 inhibits tumor growth by over 50% and reduces tumor farnesyltransferase activity by over 30% when plasma concentration is maintained above 118 ng mL[1]. [1]. Stacy L Moulder, et al. A phase I open label study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor CP-609,754 in patients with advanced malignant tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Nov 1;10(21):7127-35.

GGTI-286 is a potent, cell permeable GGTase I inhibitor (IC50: 2 μM). GGTI-286 inhibits Rap1A geranylation in NIH3T3 cells (IC50: 2 μM) more potently than H-Ras farnesylation (IC50>30 μM). Ras4B stimulation (IC50: 1 μM).

Tipifarnib (IND 58359) is a nonpeptidomimetic quinolinone with potential antineoplastic activity. Tipifarnib binds to and inhibits the enzyme farnesyl protein transferase, an enzyme involved in protein processing (farnesylation) for signal transduction. By inhibiting the farnesylation of proteins, this agent prevents the activation of Ras oncogenes, inhibits cell growth, induces apoptosis, and inhibits angiogenesis.

GGTI-286 hydrochloride is a potent inhibitor of GGTase I (IC50: 2 μM) and is also effective in inhibiting K-Ras4B (IC50: 1 μM). farnesylation (IC50=2 and >30 μM).

BMS-214662 is a Farnesyltransferase inhibitor , is also a nonsedating benzodiazepine derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. BMS-214662 inhibits the enzyme farnesyltransferase and the post-translational farnesylation of number of proteins involved in signal transduction, which may result in the inhibition of Ras function and apoptosis in susceptible tumor cells. This agent may reverse the malignant phenotype of H-Ras-transformed cells and has been shown to be active against tumor cells with and without Ras mutations.

AZD-3409 is a potent prenyl transferase inhibitor. AZD-3409 showed higher potency than lonafarnib. The mean IC(50) for cytotoxicity of AZD3409 was 510 in MEF cells, 10,600 in A549 cells and 6,170 in MCF7 cells, respectively. In these cells, the IC(50) for FTase activity of AZD3409 ranged from 3.0 to 14.2 nM and of lonafarnib from 0.26 to 31.3 nM. AZD3409 inhibits farnesylation to a higher extent than geranylgeranylation. Both inhibition of farnesylation and geranylgeranylation could not be correlated to the antiproliferative activity of the drug. AZD3409 might be active in gefitinib-resistant breast carcinoma.

XR3054 is a novel inhibitor of farnesyl protein transferase (FPTase). XR3054 inhibited the proliferation of the prostatic cancer cell lines LnCAP and PC3 and the colon carcinoma SW480 and HT1080 (IC50 values of 12.4, 12.2, 21.4 and 8.8 microM, respectively) but was relatively inactive when tested against a panel of breast carcinoma cell lines. The activity did not relate to the presence of mutant or wild-type ras in the cell lines tested. In conclusion XR3054 inhibits ras farnesylation, MAP kinase activation and anchorage-independent growth in NIH 3T3 transformed with v12 H-ras. Since the antiproliferative effect of the compound is not related to the ras phenotype, XR3054 may also have effects on other cell signaling mechanisms.

Farnesyl pyrophosphate (Farnesyl diphosphate), a 15-carbon isoprenoid from the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, functions as a metabolic intermediary and TRPM2 (TRP Channel) agonist, facilitating TRPM2 channel opening and ion influx. It is crucial in synthesizing cholesterol, ubiquinones, and geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), and in protein farnesylation decoration [1].

GGTI-286 TFA is a potent, cell-permeable inhibitor of GGTase I, exhibiting 25 times greater effectiveness (IC 50 = 2 μM) compared to the corresponding methyl ester of FTI-276. It specifically targets the geranylgeranylation of Rap1A, demonstrating significant selectivity over the farnesylation of H-Ras in NIH3T3 cells (IC 50s = 2 and >30 μM, respectively). Additionally, GGTI-286 TFA effectively inhibits the stimulation of oncogenic K-Ras4B with an IC 50 of 1 μM.

GGTI 2133, a peptidomimetic inhibitor of geranylgeranyl transferase type I (GGTase I; IC50= 38 nM), exhibits 140-fold selectivity towards GGTase I compared to farnesyltransferase (IC50= 5,400 nM). The compound effectively inhibits the geranylgeranylation of RAP1A (IC50= 10 µM) without affecting the farnesylation of H-Ras (IC50= >30 µM). Moreover, GGTI 2133 reduces the growth, migration, and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSSC) cells to 75, 45, and 27% of control levels, respectively. When administered intraperitoneally at 5 mg/kg per day, it prevents eosinophil infiltration into the airways in a mouse model of allergic bronchial asthma, although it does not reduce chemokine levels. Additionally, GGTI 2133 thwarts naloxone-induced contraction of ileum in rats experiencing morphine withdrawal syndrome and mitigates the severity of withdrawal symptoms in vivo (ED50= 0.076 mg/kg).