enteric

Lipopolysaccharides, from S. enterica (Salmonella enterica) serotype enteritidis, are endotoxins derived from this serotype known for causing enteritis and serve as TLR-4 activators. This S-type LPS triggers the immune system's pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and induces the secretion of exosomes. It consists of a typical tripartite structure: the O antigen, core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. These lipopolysaccharides can provoke a systemic inflammatory response, leading to increased plasma levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, and nitrates.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are specific endotoxins that serve as a major component of the cell walls in gram-negative bacteria. Composed of Lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide, LPS strongly stimulates the immune system by binding to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on immune cells, triggering inflammatory responses. In most Salmonella serotypes, the LPS features a complex O-antigen (OAg) structure, with core oligosaccharide OAg units ranging from 16 to over 100 repeats. Mutations in OAg regulatory factors can alter the OAg structure, affecting Salmonella interactions with epithelial cells. Strains with long OAgs show increased translocation and invasion by SPI1-T3SS effector proteins, while strains lacking OAg entirely exhibit increased invasiveness and adhesion. This product is derived from Salmonella enterica serotype minnesota and is utilized for studies on host immune activation and its roles in inflammation and immune modulation.

Lipopolysaccharides, from S. enterica (Salmonella enterica) serotype typhimurium, are endotoxins and TLR4 activators derived from the serotype of this bacterium, classified as S-type LPS. They display a characteristic three-part structure: O antigen, core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. These lipopolysaccharides influence bacterial fate within dendritic cells (DC), determining the uptake, degradation, and activation of immune functions in DC cells.

Lipopolysaccharides from *Salmonella enterica* serotype Abortusequi are endotoxins and TLR-4 activators derived from intestinal S. enterica. They are mutated R-type LPSs that serve as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) to activate the immune system and induce cell secretion of exosomes. These lipopolysaccharides consist of a core oligosaccharide and lipid A. *S. enterica* serotype Abortusequi is a key pathogen causing abortion in mares and is associated with neonatal septicemia, multiple abscesses, orchitis, and polyarthritis in equine species. Grouping is primarily based on lipopolysaccharide (O-antigen) and flagellin protein (H-antigen).

Levine Eosin-Methylene Blue Agar Medium (Levine EMB Agar) is a mildly selective culture medium used for isolating enteric pathogens, especially Escherichia coli. The composition per liter of Levine Eosin-Methylene Blue Agar Medium includes: 10.0 g peptone, 10.0 g lactose, 2.0 g dipotassium phosphate, 15.0 g agar, 0.4 g eosin, and 0.065 g methylene blue.

China Blue Lactose Agar is a mildly selective culture medium used for the selective isolation of enteric pathogens.

MacConkey Agar (MAC) is used for the selective isolation of enteric pathogens. The composition for 1 liter of MacConkey Agar includes: peptone (20.0 g), lactose (10.0 g), bile salts No. 3 (1.5 g), sodium chloride (5.0 g), neutral red (0.03 g), crystal violet (0.001 g), and agar (15.0 g).