cardiac hypertrophy

Zonisamide (AD 810), a sulfonamide anticonvulsant, is approved for use as an adjunctive treatment in adults with partial-onset seizures. It may inhibit a carbonic anhydrase although this is not one of the main mechanisms of action. Zonisamide may act by blocking repetitive firing of voltage-gated sodium channels results in a reduction of T-type calcium channel currents, or by binding allosterically to GABA receptors. This latter action may lower the uptake of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA while increasing the uptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate.

20-HETE belongs to endogenous metabolites (natural products) and is a protein kinase C (PKC) pathway activator that promotes ACSL4 ubiquitination and degradation through upregulation of FBXO10, possessing regulatory properties on cell proliferation and migration. This compound is used in research related to prostate tumors and cardiac hypertrophy.

Angiotensin II is a major biologically active vasoconstrictor peptide that regulates blood pressure by binding to AT1R and AT2R receptors. It stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, promotes aldosterone synthesis, and enhances renal function. Additionally, it induces vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and increases collagen synthesis, leading to vascular and myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. It also promotes apoptosis and endothelial capillary formation. Angiotensin II is commonly used to induce hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy animal models.

Enrasentan (sb-217242) is a mixed antagonist of ET(A) and ET(B) receptors that reduces blood pressure, prevents cardiac hypertrophy, and protects myocardial function.

GSK 2833503A is a potent and selective TRPC6 and TRPC3 antagonist (IC50 = 3-16 nM and 21-100 nM, respectively). GSK 2833503A exhibits >63-fold selectivity over other ion channels, including other TRP channels, CaV1.2, hERG and NaV1.5. GSK 2833503A suppresses angiotensin II or endothelin-1-induced cardiac hypertrophy signaling in HEK293 cellsin vitroand in cardiomyocytes.

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMANO dihydrate) is a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite derived from dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. It induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes fibroblast differentiation and cardiac fibrosis via the TGF-β/Smad2 signaling pathway. TMANO dihydrate can be used to establish models of cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis.

Fusaric acid is an orally active multi-target inhibitor capable of inhibiting fibrosis-related signaling pathways such as NF-κB, TGF-β1/SMADs, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR. It also inhibits dopamine β-hydroxylase and reduces endogenous levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Fusaric acid activates apoptosis-related proteases such as Caspase-3/7, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9, thereby inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. It chelates divalent metal cations, damages mitochondrial membrane structure, and exerts effects in improving myocardial fibrosis and alleviating cardiac hypertrophy. Additionally, it is applicable in research on esophageal cancer, liver cancer, and other conditions.

L002, a potent, cell-permeable, reversible, and specific acetyltransferase p300 (KAT3B) inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.98 μM, directly binds the acetyl-CoA pocket and competitively inhibits the FATp300 catalytic domain. By blocking histone acetylation, p53 acetylation, and STAT3 activation, L002 shows potential in the treatment of hypertension‐induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrogenesis.

Enrasentan (also known as SB-217242) is a dual receptor endothelin antagonist with a higher affinity for the ET(A) receptor. In animal models of hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy, this compound reduces blood pressure, prevents cardiac hypertrophy, and preserves myocardial function. Enrasentan enhances survival rates, limits left ventricular remodeling, and maintains myocardial performance in hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction.

ERBB agonist-1 (Compound EF-1) is an ERBB4 agonist (EC50=10.5 μM) that induces ERBB4 receptor dimerization and phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2. It exhibits cardioprotective effects in mouse models and prevents myocardial fibrosis.

Delocamten is an inhibitor of cardiac myosin, with an IC50 value of 1.1 μM. It is useful in research on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular hypertrophy, and diastolic dysfunction.

Phosphodiesterase-IN-2 (Compound C7) is an orally active and selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A), with an IC50 of 11.9 nM. It enhances hepatic microsomal stability and reduces blood-brain barrier permeability. Phosphodiesterase-IN-2 exhibits favorable pharmacokinetic properties in mouse models and can alleviate isoprenaline-induced cardiac hypertrophy.

ZAK-IN-1 is an orally active and selective inhibitor of the leucine zipper and sterile-alpha motif kinase ZAK, with an IC50 of 4 nM and a KD of 8 nM. It demonstrates exceptional selectivity against 403 types of wild-type kinases. ZAK-IN-1 effectively blocks the p38/GATA-4 and JNK/c-Jun signaling pathways, significantly suppressing cardiac hypertrophy. This compound is applicable in the study of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).

AH001 is an orally active compound that binds to a concealed pocket near GDP within RhoA, exhibiting a binding affinity of 73.16 nM. By interacting with GDP, AH001 stabilizes the interaction between RhoA and its endogenous inhibitor, RhoGDIα. This compound reduces nuclear translocation of downstream MRTFA and downregulates fibrosis/hypertrophy-related proteins. AH001 alleviates myocardial remodeling in various heart failure animal models and 3D cardiac tissue models. Its cardioprotective effects are mediated through the RhoA-RhoGDIα axis, effectively inhibiting downstream RhoA activation signals.

SGLT2-IN-2 (Compound E9) is an inhibitor of SGLT2 and significantly enhances the inhibition of SGLT2, NHE1, and SOD enzyme activities. It provides protection against myocardial cell damage induced by glucose-free DMEM. Additionally, SGLT2-IN-2 markedly improves cardiac function in TAC-induced heart failure (HF) mice, suppressing myocardial cell hypertrophy and collagen deposition. It reduces myocardial tissue damage and boosts autophagy in damaged myocardial cells, increasing the survival rate of HF mice.

Mitotic kinesin-IN-3 (Page 135, fourteenth) hydrochloride is an inhibitor of the mitotic motor protein (Mitotickinesin). It interferes with cell proliferation by inhibiting mitosis. This compound can be utilized in research relating to cancer, cardiac hypertrophy, immune and inflammatory diseases, as well as fungal infections.

Mitotic kinesin-IN-2 (Page 135, fifteenth) hydrochloride is an inhibitor of mitotic motor proteins (Mitotickinesin). This compound suppresses cell proliferation by inhibiting mitosis. Mitotic kinesin-IN-2 hydrochloride is used in research related to cancer, cardiac hypertrophy, immune and inflammatory diseases, as well as fungal infections.

Mitotic kinesin-IN-1 hydrochloride (Example 80) is an inhibitor of mitotic kinesin, which suppresses cell proliferation by hindering mitosis. This compound is applicable in research related to cancer, cardiac hypertrophy, immune and inflammatory diseases, and fungal infections.

BRD1172 (ML320) is a selective inhibitor of GSK3β, exhibiting an IC50 of 24 nM, demonstrating greater potency against GSK3β compared to CDK5. It significantly inhibits GSK3β-mediated Tau phosphorylation in SH-SY5Y cells and reduces the negative regulation by GSK3β on β-catenin degradation and TCF/LEF promoter activity. BRD1172 is applicable in research on Alzheimer's disease, cardiac hypertrophy, and cancer.

GRK5-IN-5 (Compound 4a) is a selective inhibitor of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) with an IC50 value of 0.03 μM. It shows an IC50 of 2.2 μM for GRK2 and 0.036 μM for GRK6. GRK5-IN-5 exhibits potent anti-hypertrophic activity in cardiac muscle and inhibits the proliferation of non-cardiac cells. It blocks pathological cardiac remodeling by inhibiting the abnormal upregulation of hypertrophic marker genes Nppa and Nppb. GRK5-IN-5 is useful for research in myocardial hypertrophy.

CCG 258001 is a GRK inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.29 µM for GRK2, 51.8 µM for GRK1, and 33 µM for GRK5. It inhibits GRK activity in cardiac and other muscle cells, and is useful for researching heart diseases, such as heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, and hypertension.

MDL-100240 is a dual inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and neprilysin with a balanced activity. MDL 100240 shows an impressive effectiveness both in preventing and in regressing hypertension-induced vascular remodeling and cardiac hypertrop

Syringin (eleutheroside-b) is a compound with antitumor, antiproliferative, immunomodulatory and platelet aggregation inhibiting effects.

17(S)-HETE is an arachidonic acid metabolite generated via the CYP450 pathway. 17(S)-HETE acts as an allosteric activator of CYP450 1B1 and an ATPase inhibitor, capable of inducing cardiac hypertrophy.