acetylcholine

Anisodamine Hydrobromide (6-Hydroxyhyoscyamine) is an anticholinergic and α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist used in the treatment of acute circulatory shock.

Acetylcholine iodide (Acetylcolina) is a neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

Acetylcholine Chloride is the chloride salt form of acetylcholine, a synthetic, quaternary amino alcohol with cholinergic properties. Acetylcholine chloride (Pilofrin) mimics the parasympathomimetic effect of the endogenous compound acetylcholine. Administered as an ophthalmic solution, this drug stimulates the cholinoceptors in the sphincter muscle of the iris, causing the pupil to constrict.

Choline bitartrate (2-hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium) is a form of the nutrient choline which is found in foods. Choline is necessary for normal liver and kidney function and a component of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, a chemical that facilitates communication between the nerves and muscles.

Pilocarpine nitrate (Pilagan) is a slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.

Choline chloride (Biocoline) is a basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

Arecoline is a natural alkaloid derived from areca nut in the palm family and is a potent nicotine and partial agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Arecoline has anti-anxiety and anti-parasitic activity, can induce oxidative stress and can be used to study Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B1) is the hydrochloride salt form of thiamine, a vitamin essential for aerobic metabolism, cell growth, transmission of nerve impulses and acetylcholine synthesis. Upon hydrolysis, Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B1) is phosphorylated by thiamine diphosphokinase to form active thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), also known as cocarboxylase. TPP is a coenzyme for many enzymatic activities involving fatty acid, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism.

Cholesterol Myristate (Cholesteryl Myristate) is a natural steroid found in traditional Chinese medicine that interacts with various ion channels, including the GABAA receptor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and the inward-rectifier potassium ion channel.

Citicoline sodium (CDP-choline) is an endogenous intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. It also serves as a choline donor in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Citicoline sodium demonstrates protective effects in cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and memory disorders. Exogenous administration of citicoline to rodents (500 mg kg i.p. immediately after ischemia and at 3-h reperfusion) has been shown to stimulate the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and cardiolipin and to attenuate the release of arachidonic acid and the accumulation of ceramide.

sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine (Choline glycerophosphate) is a natural choline compound found in the brain and in milk. It is also a parasympathomimetic acetylcholine precursor which may have a potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine rapidly delivers choline to the brain across the blood–brain barrier and is a biosynthetic precursor of the acetylcholine neurotransmitter. It is a non-prescription drug in most countries due to its Generally Recognised As Safe (GRAS) status [1]. Studies have investigated its efficacy for cognitive disorders including stroke and Alzheimer's disease. An Italian multicentre clinical trial on 2, 044 patients suffering from recent stroke were supplied Glycerylphosphorylcholine in doses of 1, 000 mg day for 28 days and 400 mg three times per day for the five ensuing months. The trial confirmed the therapeutic role of alpha-GPC on the cognitive recovery of patients based on four measurement scales, three of which reached statistical significance [2].

Arecoline hydrobromide (Arecoline HBr) is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist.

D-Panthenol (D-Pantothenyl alcohol) is an alcoholic analogue of D-pantothenic acid and cholinergic agent. D-Panthenol acts as a precursor of coenzyme A necessary for acetylation reactions and is involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine. Although the exact mechanism of the actions of D-Panthenol is unclear, it may enhance the effect of acetylcholine. D-Panthenol acts on the gastrointestinal tract and increases lower intestinal motility. It is also applied topically to the skin to relieve itching and to promote healing.

(R,S)-Anatabine is a minor tobacco alkaloid found in the Solanaceae family of plants, and serves as a specific marker for detecting tobacco use.

Spinosad is a naturally-occurring insecticide found in the the soil bacterium S. spinosa. It is a mixture of the macrocyclic lactones spinosyn A and spinosyn D, which act as agonists of insect nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors (nAChRs).

Cytisinicline (Sophorine), an alkaloid, is found naturally in several plants.

Pilocarpine Hydrochloride (NSC 5746 HCl) , a nonselective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, is utilized to produce an experimental model of epilepsy.

(+)-Sparteine ​​is a quinoline alkaloid extracted from Scotch broom, a sodium channel blocker and a class 1a antiarrhythmic agent. It competitively inhibits the activity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in nerve cells and is a ganglionic blocking agent.

Galanthamine hydrobromide (Galantamine hydrobromide), a long-acting and centrally active AChE inhibitor (IC50:410 nM), is an allosteric potentiator at neuronal nicotinic ACh receptors.

Anethole trithione (Anetholtrithion) is a bile secretion-stimulating drug that restores salivation and relieves the discomfort of dry mouth in chemotherapy-induced xerostomia.

Anisodine is an inhibitor of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) with neuroprotective activity, used in research on multiple myeloma and metastatic breast cancer.

1. Peimisine (Ebeiensine) can affect M-receptor, excit β-receptor, restrain the release of internal calcium, and promote to releaseing nitrogen monoxidum in order to relax tracheal smooth muscle and relieve asthma. 2. Peimisine can attenuate lung tissue injury( ALI), LDH and MDA amount in ALI mice in a dose dependent manner, it also lower the total protein, total white blood cells, lymphocyte and neutrophilic leukocyte in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid( BALF); suggests that peimisine can play a protective role against LPS-induced acute lung injury. 3. Peimisine has the protective effect on the experimental hepatic fibrosis formation, the possible mechanisms are associated with inhibiting fibrogenesis and fibrosis accumulation, and decreasing lipid peroxidation. 4. Peimisine can inhibit angiotensin I converting enzyme activity in a dose-dependent manner, displaying 5 % inhibitory concentration values of 526.5 microM, thus, it may have antihypertensive action.

Atropine (DL-Hyoscyamine) Sulfate is the sulfate salt of atropine, a naturally-occurring alkaloid isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna. Atropine functions as a sympathetic, competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, thereby abolishing the effects of parasympathetic stimulation.

Dronedarone (SR 33589) is an amiodarone analogue which has an effective and promising treatment for Atrial fibrillation.