β-galactosidase

β-Galactosidase (GAL) is a glycoside hydrolase that hydrolyzes the β-glycosidic bond formed between galactose and its organic part, and naturally catalyzes the hydrolysis of the galactosidic bond in oligosaccharides and disaccharides for the degradation of lactose and the production of low-lactose and lactose-free lactose products that are beneficial to lactose intolerant patients.

β-galactosidase mRNA (N1-Methylpseudo-UTP) encodes the bacterial lactose Z gene product, β-galactosidase. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of β-galactosides into monosaccharides and serves as a universal marker for assessing transfection efficiency. The inclusion of N1-Methylpseudo-UTP reduces the immunogenicity of the generated mRNA.

exo-α-1,2-Galactosidase, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, is a glycoside hydrolase.

Exo-α-Galactosidase, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (EC.3.2.1.22), is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme.

Exo-α-Galactosidase Isoenzyme from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (EC.3.2.1.22) is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme.

D-Ribonolactone is a sugar lactone and an inhibitor of β-galactosidase in Escherichia coli (Ki: 26 mM).

Tryptophan, N-indol-3-ylacetyl- (Indole-3-acetyl-L-tryptophan) is involved in regulatory mechanisms for the control of auxin activity during physiological and pathophysiological responses. It may also be used in the synthesis of β-D-galactosidase and β-D-glucosidase inhibitors.

Migalastat hydrochloride (GR181413A) is an orally available, potent and competitive inhibitor of alpha-galactosidase A. It promotes the transport of alpha-galactosidase A to the lysosome and can be used in the study of Fabry disease.

4-Nitrophenyl α-D-galactopyranoside (PNP-alpha-D-Gal) is an artificial substrate of 4-nitrophenyl (pNP) glycopyranoside used for detecting α-galactosidase activity. The amount of released pNP increases significantly when PNP-alpha-D-Gal is used as a substrate.

α-Galactosidase is an endogenous glycosidase that can break down oligosaccharides and glycolipids containing α-galactoside bonds and can be used in the study of Fabry disease.

Alpha-Galactosidase A is a lysosomal exoglycosidase that hydrolyzes the terminal α-galactose residues of glycoconjugates.

α-N-acetylgalactosidase (EC 3.2.1.4) is a highly specific exoglycosidase capable of effectively hydrolyzing α-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) linked to serine or threonine residues in glycoproteins (Tn antigen). This enzyme demonstrates activity towards terminal GalNAc in α 1-3 linkages and operates optimally within a pH range of 6.0-7.6, without requiring cofactors or specialized buffer systems.

SSK1 is a compound that selectively kills senescent cells and is a precursor for β-galactosidase, which can reduce the inflammatory response of the body. SSK1 can activate the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and MKK3/MKK6 in senescent cells, and promote mitochondrial DNA damage in senescent cells.

ONPG (2-Nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside) is a colorimetric and spectrophotometric substrate used to detect β-galactosidase activity.

Maltotriose is an inducer of E. coli maltose regulator, the second most abundant sugar in brewing. It induces beta-galactosidase synthesis.

Cetyldimethylethylammonium Bromide can be used to induce extracellular secretion of beta-galactosidase.

resorufin galactopyranoside is a fluorescent substrate for β-galactosidase.After cleavage by β-galactosidase, the fluorescent portion of resorufin is released and its fluorescence can be used to quantify β-galactosidase activity. It has an excitation light of 570 and an emission light of 580 nm.

(2R)-Glycerol-O-β-D-Galactopyranoside is a natural substrate of the lactose operon of intestinal bacteria. It has an inhibitory effect on RAJI cells and is widely used in biochemical experiments and drug synthesis research.

Cyclic di-IMP (sodium salt) (c-di-IMP) is a synthetic second messenger structurally related to the bacterial second messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP . C-di-IMP has adjuvant properties when co-administered with antigens in vitro and by mucosal routes in vivo. C-di-IMP enriches the population of MHC class I and II, CD80, CD86, CD40, and CD54 positive dendritic cells derived from murine bone marrow. It also stimulates macrophages at 500 ng/ml. Mice immunized with β-galactosidase (β-gal) plus c-di-IMP through the intranasal route show a humoral immune response, evidenced by an increase in IgG titers up to 2-fold compared to mice immunized with β-gal alone. Mice immunized with β-gal plus c-di-IMP also exhibit a Th1/Th2 response, indicating that the adjuvant activity of c-di-IMP leads to a cellular immune response as well.

Pyrindolol is a bacterial metabolite that has been found inS. alboverticillatus.1It inhibits neutral β-galactosidase by 50% under acidic, but not neutral, conditions when used at a concentration of 2 μg/ml. It is selective for β-galactosidase isolated from bovine liver over β-galactosidases isolated from human, bovine, pig, and rat tissues and sialidases isolated fromC. perfringens,Streptomyces, and the H3N2 strain of influenza virus (IC50s = >250 μg/ml for all).1,2 1.Aoyagi, T., Kumagai, M., Hazato, T., et al.Pyridindolol, a new β-galactosidase inhibitor produced by actinomycetesJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)28(7)555-557(1975) 2.Kumagai, M., Aoyagi, T., and Umezawa, H.Inhibitory activity of pyridindolol on β-galactosidaseJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)29(7)696-703(1976)

Ganglioside GM1is a monosialylated ganglioside and the prototypic ganglioside for those containing one sialic acid residue.1,2It is found in a large variety of cells, including immune cells and neurons, and is enriched in lipid rafts in the cell membrane.3It associates with growth factor receptors, including TrkA, TrkB, and the GDNF receptor complex containing Ret and GFRα, and is required for TrkA expression on the cell surface. Ganglioside GM1interacts with other proteins to increase calcium influx, affecting various calcium-dependent processes, including inducing neuronal outgrowth during differentiation. Ganglioside GM1acts as a receptor for cholera toxin, which binds to its oligosaccharide group, facilitating toxin cell entry into epithelial cells of the jejunum.4,5Similarly, it is bound by the heat-labile enterotoxin fromE. coliin the pathogenesis of traveler's diarrhea.6Ganglioside GM1gangliosidosis, characterized by a deficiency in GM1-β-galactosidase, the enzyme that degrades ganglioside GM1, leads to accumulation of the gangliosides GM1and GA1in neurons and can be fatal in infants.1Levels of ganglioside GM1are decreased in the substantia nigra pars compacta in postmortem brain from patients with Parkinson's disease.3Ganglioside GM1mixture contains a mixture of ovine ganglioside GM1molecular species with primarily C18:0 fatty acyl chain lengths, among various others. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1544] 1.Kolter, T.Ganglioside biochemistryISRN Biochem.506160(2012) 2.Mocchetti, I.Exogenous gangliosides, neuronal plasticity and repair, and the neurotrophinsCell Mol. Life Sci.62(19-20)2283-2294(2005) 3.Ledeen, R.W., and Wu, G.The multi-tasked life of GM1 ganglioside, a true factotum of natureTrends Biochem. Sci.40(7)407-418(2015) 4.Turnbull, W.B., Precious, B.L., and Homans, S.W.Dissecting the cholera toxin-ganglioside GM1 interaction by isothermal titration calorimetryJ. Am. Chem. Soc.126(4)1047-1054(2004) 5.Blank, N., Schiller, M., Krienke, S., et al.Cholera toxin binds to lipid rafts but has a limited specificity for ganglioside GM1Immunol. Cell Biol.85(5)378-382(2007) 6.Minke, W.E., Roach, C., Hol, W.G., et al.Structure-based exploration of the ganglioside GM1 binding sites of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin and cholera toxin for the discovery of receptor antagonistsBiochemistry38(18)5684-5692(1999)

Australine is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid originally isolated fromC. australethat has enzyme inhibitory activities.1,2,3It is an inhibitor of glucoamylase (IC50= 5.8 μM) that also inhibits glucosidase I, sucrase, maltase, andA. nigerα-glucosidase (IC50s = 20, 28, 35, and 28 μM, respectively).2,3Australine is selective for these enzymes over glucosidase II, α- and β-mannosidase, and α- and β-galactosidase up to 500 μM, β-glucosidase, with only 5% inhibition at 66 μM, as well as isomaltase and trehalase (IC50= 97 and 160 μM, respectively). Australine (500 μg/ml) inhibits glycoprotein processing of viral glycoproteins in influenza virus-infected MDCK cells and induces the accumulation of glycoproteins.2 1.Molyneux, R.J., Benson, M., Wong, R.Y., et al.Australine, a novel pyrrolizidine alkaloid glucosidase inhibitor from Castanospermum australJ. Nat. Prod.51(6)1198-1206(1988) 2.Tropea, J.E., Molyneux, R.J., Kaushal, G.P., et al.Australine, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid that inhibits amyloglucosidase and glycoprotein processingBiochemistry28(5)2027-2034(1989) 3.Kato, A., Kano, E., Adachi, I., et al.Australine and related alkaloids: easy structural confirmation by 13C NMR spectral data and biological activitiesTetrahedron Asymmetry14(3)325-331(2003)

5-Fluorouridine 5'-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (also known as 5'-O-β-D-galactosyl-5-fluorouridine) is a prodrug of 5-Fluorouridine. It can be enzymatically converted by β-D-galactosidase into 5-Fluorouridine, a highly effective antineoplastic agent.

4-Nitrophenyl β-D-Galactopyranoside is a β-D-galactopyranoside derivative that is a substrate for β-galactosidase and can be used to measure β-galactosidase activity, which can be used in the study of lysosomal storage diseases, obesity, and mucopolysaccharides storage diseases.