viability

ML-9 suppresses MLCK, PKA, and PKC activity with Ki values of 4, 32, and 54 μM, respectively. ML-9 is a selective and effective inhibitor of Akt kinase, inhibits myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK), and stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) activity. ML-9 causes autophagy by stimulating autophagosome formation and inhibiting their degradation.

BTSA1 is a BAX activator that binds with high affinity and specificity to the N-terminal activation site and induces conformational changes to BAX leading to BAX-mediated apoptosis.

LJI308 is a potent, and pan-RSK (p90 ribosomal S6 kinase) inhibitor with IC50 of 6 nM, 4 nM, and 13 nM for RSK1, RSK2, and RSK3, respectively.

NL-1, a mitoNEET inhibitor, exhibits antileukemic effects.

3,6-Dihydroxyflavone suppresses the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells by inhibiting the Notch signaling pathway.

Cannabigerol is a high affinity α±2-adrenergic receptor agonist, moderate affinity 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, and low affinity CB1 receptor antagonist ; also binds to the CB2 receptor; it can relieve interocular pressure, which may be of benefit in the treatment of glaucoma.

Cyclosporin A is a natural product and an active fungal metabolite, classified as a cyclic polypeptide immunosuppressant. It binds to cyclophilin and inhibits the activity of calcineurin (IC₅₀ = 7 nM) as well as CD11a/CD18 adhesion molecules. It is commonly used to induce uremia models.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), derived from Escherichia coli O55:B5, are essential components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Composed of lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide, LPS exhibits strong immunogenicity. It activates immune cells via the TLR4 receptor, induces chemotactic cell migration and cytokine secretion, and helps maintain the integrity of the bacterial outer membrane, protecting against bile salts and lipid-based antibiotics. LPS is commonly used to establish inflammatory models, including arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and gastrointestinal disease models.

Nimbolide suppresses CDK4/CDK6 kinase activity. Nimbolide inhibits the NF-κB, Wnt, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Nimbolide causes apoptosis through the inactivation of NF-κB. Nimbolide is a triterpene derived from the leaves and flowers

2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) is an analog of glucose, an inhibitor of glycolysis. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose has antiviral activity, as well as inhibitory cell proliferation and apoptosis-inducing activity.

Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) is an AMPK activator with blood-brain barrier permeability. Metformin may improve glycemic control by increasing insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal glucose uptake, and is commonly used in type 2 diabetes research.

Bergenin (Bengenin) is a polyphenol, which is an effective antinarcotic agent with antioxidant action.

Etoposide (VP-16-213) is a topoisomerase II inhibitor that inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA (IC50=60.3 μM). Etoposide has antitumor activity and induces apoptosis and autophagy.

Dihydroartemisinin (Artenimol) is an antimalarial drug.

Minocycline hydrochloride (Minocycline HCl) is a tetracycline antibiotic with excellent absorption and tissue penetration that is used for several bacterial infections as well as treatment of acne. Minocycline hydrochloride can cause both an acute hepatitis-like syndrome occurring within 1 to 3 months of starting therapy or a more insidious chronic hepatitis with autoimmune features typically after long-term treatment.

5-Azacytidine (Ladakamycin) is a cytidine nucleoside analog, a DNA methylation inhibitor with specificity. 5-Azacytidine regulates gene expression by decreasing the level of DNA methylation. 5-Azacytidine induces autophagy and has antitumor activity.

Curcumin (Natural Yellow 3) is a phenolic natural product, an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase p300/CREB (IC50=25 μM) with specificity. Curcumin has a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.

Lenalidomide (CC-5013) is an immunomodulator with oral activity. Lenalidomide is a ligand for the ubiquitin E3 ligase cereblon (CRBN), which selectively ubiquitinates and degrades two lymphoid transcription factors, IKZF1 and IKZF3, via the CRBN-CRL4 ubiquitin ligase, and is commonly used in the synthesis of PROTAC products.

Dapagliflozin (BMS-512148) is a selective sodium-glucose co-transporter subtype 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor with antihyperglycemic activity.

Scutellarin (Scutellarein-7-glucuronide), an active flavone isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, can inhibit RANKL-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in osteoclasts, and down-regulate the STAT3/Girdin/Akt signaling in HCC cells.

Irinotecan (CPT-11), a derivative of camptothecin, is an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I). Irinotecan has antitumor activity by preventing DNA strand reattachment through binding to the Topo I complex, resulting in double-stranded DNA breaks and cell death.

Flavone glycoside from Robinia with antibacterial and diuretic properties; derived from kaempferol.The ability of robinin to reverse the multidrug resistance of the human colon cancer cell line Colo 320 expreβing MDR1/LRP was explored by monitoring their uptake of Rhodamine 123, but was shown to have minimal effect. Robinin (NSC-9222) was detected in lysates of the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 using liquid chromatography-tandem maβ spectrometry.

Angiotensin II is a major biologically active vasoconstrictor peptide that regulates blood pressure by binding to AT1R and AT2R receptors. It stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, promotes aldosterone synthesis, and enhances renal function. Additionally, it induces vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and increases collagen synthesis, leading to vascular and myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. It also promotes apoptosis and endothelial capillary formation. Angiotensin II is commonly used to induce hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy animal models.

Cholesterol oxidase is a flavoenzyme that catalyzes the oxidation and isomerization of cholesterol to cholest-4-en-3-one. ChOx, an important virulence factor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), competitively inhibits TLR2 thereby inducing enhanced reactive oxygen species production by macrophages.