photosystem ii

Hexazinone is a broad-spectrum herbicide from the triazine family. Hexazinone inhibits photosynthesis through binding to the D-1 quinone protein of the electron transport chain in photosystem II.

Hexaflumuron is a chitin synthesis inhibitor used to bait and eliminate termite colonies. Termites are unable to metabolize hexaflumuron and clearance is slow, resulting in up to 100% elimination. Hexaflumuron has also been tested for use with the raisin

Metribuzin (4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5 (4H)-one) is a selective triazinone herbicide applied in both pre- and post-emergence agricultural practices for the control of weeds in a variety of crops including soybeans, potatoes, tomatoes, and sugar cane, which functions by inhibiting the photosynthetic process through the specific disruption of the electron transport chain within photosystem II, and its extensive use has resulted in its classification as a persistent environmental contaminant frequently detected in groundwater sources.

Amicarbazone (BAY-MKH3586; BAY314666) is a potent PSII inhibitor, disrupting photosynthetic electron transport by binding to the Qb domain of photosystem II. This broad-spectrum herbicide is effective through foliar and root application, showcasing rapid absorption and translocation. However, its effectiveness can be compromised by common PSII inhibitor resistance. With an IC50 value indicating high potency, amicarbazone leads to chlorosis, stunted growth, tissue necrosis, and death in sensitive plants. Despite these severe effects, it exhibits good selectivity and outperforms atrazine as a herbicide, allowing for its application at lower doses compared to traditional photosynthetic inhibitors.

Tenuazonic acid is a putative nonhost-selective mycotoxin isolated from Alternaria alternate. Tenuazonic acid blocks electron transport beyond primary quinone acceptor (QA) by interacting with D1 protein and it is a broad-spectrum and effective photosyste

Dimidazon (BAS 29095) is a mild electron transport inhibitor that targets photosystem II (PSII). It blocks the electron flow from the primary electron acceptor Q to photosystem I within PSII. Dimidazon holds potential for research in photosynthesis regulation and weed control.

Sebuthylazine is a herbicide that acts selectively and systemically, being absorbed by the roots of plants and translocated within the plant. It functions by inhibiting photosynthesis at photosystem II.

Linuron, a substituted phenylurea herbicide, primarily functions by disrupting the photosynthetic process through the inhibition of photosystem II. it additionally acts as an androgen receptor antagonist, exhibiting endocrine-disrupting effects and reproductive toxicity, Maternal linuron exposure alters testicular development in male offspring at the whole genome level and significantly altering expressions of key testosterone synthesis-associated genes including Star, P450scc, 3β-Hsd, Abp, Cox7a2, Pcna, p450c17, and 17β-Hsd.

Antimalarial agent 17 is an effective antimalarial agent and herbicide, also a photosystem II inhibitor with post-emergence herbicidal activity.

Siderin, a Photosystem II inhibitor, effectively impedes ATP synthesis and chloroplast electron transport in photosynthesis within isolated spinach chloroplasts and is utilized in research on plant photosynthesis [1].

Spermidine-D8 is the deuterated form of Spermidine (T4893) trihydrochloride. Spermidine (T4893) hydrochloride helps maintain cell membrane stability, enhances the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and improves photosystem II (PSII) and related gene expression. It also significantly reduces the levels of H2O2 and O2.-.

Spermidine-13C4 is a 13C-labeled version of spermidine (trihydrochloride). It helps maintain cell membrane stability, enhances antioxidant enzyme activity, and improves the function and gene expression related to photosystem II (PSII). Additionally, spermidine hydrochloride significantly reduces the levels of H2O2 and O2.-.

Amicarbazone (Standard) is the standard substance of Amicarbazone, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Amicarbazone (BAY-MKH3586; BAY314666) is a potent PSII inhibitor, disrupting photosynthetic electron transport by binding to the Qb domain of photosystem II. This broad-spectrum herbicide is effective through foliar and root application, showcasing rapid absorption and translocation. However, its effectiveness can be compromised by common PSII inhibitor resistance. With an IC50 value indicating high potency, amicarbazone leads to chlorosis, stunted growth, tissue necrosis, and death in sensitive plants. Despite these severe effects, it exhibits good selectivity and outperforms atrazine as a herbicide, allowing for its application at lower doses compared to traditional photosynthetic inhibitors.

Spermidine trihydrochloride (Standard) is the reference standard of spermidine trihydrochloride, suitable for quantitative analysis, quality control, biochemical experiments and related research. Spermidine trihydrochloride (4-Azaoctamethylenediamine trihydrochloride) can maintain cell membrane stability, enhance the properties of antioxidant enzymes, improve photosystem II (PSII) and the expression of related genes, and also significantly reduce the levels of H₂O₂ and O₂·⁻.

Spermidine-13C4 (Standard) is a reference standard of Spermidine-13C4 intended for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related biochemical research applications. Spermidine-13C4(hydrochloride) is a 13C-labeled version of spermidine (trihydrochloride). It helps maintain cell membrane stability, enhances antioxidant enzyme activity, and improves the function and gene expression related to photosystem II (PSII). Additionally, spermidine hydrochloride significantly reduces the levels of H2O2 and O2.-.

Spermidine-D (Standard) is a reference standard of Spermidine-D intended for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related biochemical research applications. Spermidine-d8(hydrochloride) is the deuterated form of Spermidine trihydrochloride. Spermidine hydrochloride helps maintain cell membrane stability, enhances the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and improves photosystem II (PSII) and related gene expression. It also significantly reduces the levels of H2O2 and O2.-.

Diatoxanthin is a byproduct of cytochrome and xanthophyll that can be extracted from F. pinnata algae cells. It serves as a biomarker for assessing the inhibitory effects of biocides on diatom photosystem II (PSII).

Cabraleadiol displays antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it also is weakly cytotoxic to a breast cancer (BC) cell line. Cabraleadiol inhibits photosystem II (PS II) and induces the appearance of small G band which is related wi

Encecalin and demethylencecalin are major phytotoxic compounds isolated from Helianthella quinquenervis (Hook) A Gray (Asteraceae), they inhibit photosystem II (from water to 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-1,4 p-benzo-quinone).They retard seed germinati

Pheophytin a is a derivative formed when chlorophyll a loses its central Mg²⁺ ion under acidic conditions or through enzymatic action. It retains the porphyrin ring structure and possesses certain light-absorbing properties. It is commonly used to study electron transfer processes in photosynthesis, particularly as a model molecule for electron acceptors and reaction intermediates in photosystem II. As a photosensitizer, demagnesium chlorophyll a can generate reactive oxygen species through photodynamic therapy upon activation by red light at 660 nm, inducing apoptosis and necrosis in cancer cells.

Stigmatellin is an antibiotic derived from the cell mass of the myxobacterium, effective against yeasts (yeasts), filamentous fungi (filamentous fungi), and several Gram-positive bacteria (Gram-positive bacteria). Additionally, it serves as a potent inhibitor of photosynthetic electron (photosynthetic electron) transfer. Stigmatellin utilizes various sugars, polysaccharides, and acids from the citric acid cycle as substrates, inhibiting RNA and protein synthesis. It has two different inhibitory sites: one located on the reducing side of photosystem II and the other at the cytochrome b6/f complex. Stigmatellin holds potential for use in antimicrobial and photosynthesis research.

Spirulina C-phycocyanin is a component of the light-harvesting phycobilisome complex in photosystem II and is a prominently present pigment-protein in Spirulina. Spirulina C-phycocyanin possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, hepatoprotective, and cholesterol-lowering properties. Spirulina C-phycocyanin can be detected through Raman spectral measurement.